HALICARNASSU8 



HALIFAX 



515 



Iweli caught ill Klllope weighing III leant fiOO Hi., 

 and one can-lit in Iccliunl wa> littlr short of 20 

 feel long. 



llalirnriiassiis (originally called Ze/ihyria), 



'k <-ii\ DI ('aria in Asia Minor, situated on 

 I In- Ceramic (inlf. It was founded by Dorian 

 colonists from Tro'/en, and defended by several 

 citadels, OIH> of which, Salmacis, was deemed 

 impregnable. Katly in its history it became one 

 of tin- cities of the so-called Dorian Hexapolis, from 

 which confederacy, however, it was eventually 

 excluded. When the IVisian power spread west- 

 waul, Halicarnassus readily snlmiitted to the 

 dominion of the conquerors. During this period, 

 however, ahout 500 B.C., a domestic tyrant, Lyg- 

 damis, rose to supreme power as a vassal of Persia ; 

 and his descendants, without forfeiting the (Jreek 

 character, or ceasing to cultivate the Greek litera- 

 ttire and arts, gradually extended their sway over 

 all Caria. Amongst them was Mausolua, whose 

 wife and sister Artemisia, to commemorate him 

 after his death (358), erected the magnificent 

 Mausoleum (<|.v. ) which was accounted one of the 

 se\en wonders of the world. It was under this 

 king that the city attained its highest degree of 

 splendour and prosperity. Ahout twenty years 

 later Alexander the Great destroyed the city by 

 lire ; hut the inhabitants took refuge in the citadel, 

 which successfully resisted his arms. The city was 

 afterwards rebuilt, but it never recovered its ancient 

 importance or prosperity. In the days of the Roman 

 empire it had sunk into comparative insignificance. 

 Halicarnassus was the birthplace of the Greek 

 historians Herodotus and Dionysius. The site of 

 the city is occupied by the modem Budrun. An 

 arc. mnt of the excavations conducted there will be 

 found in Newton's Discoveries at Halicarnassus 

 (lsti-_> 63). 



Halicore. See DUGONG. 



Halicz, a town of Austria, in the crownland of 

 Galicia, is situated on the Dniester, 69 miles SSE. 

 of Lemberg by rail. On a hill in the vicinity are 

 the ruins of the once strongly fortified castle of 

 Halicz, built in the 12th century, and the residence 

 of the rulers of what was formerly the grand prin- 

 cipality and kingdom of Halicz. From this word 

 the name Galicia (q.v.) is derived. Pop. 3464. 



Halidoil Hill, an eminence in Northumber- 

 land, '2 miles NW. of Berwick, overlooking the 

 Tweed, was the scene of a bloody conflict between 

 tin- Knglish and Scots, 19th July 1333, in which the 

 latter were defeated, upwards of 10,000 of them 

 (according to some authorities, 14,000) being left 

 on the Held. 



Halifax* a thriving market-town, municipal, 

 parliamentary, and county borough, in the West 

 Riding of Yorkshire, is situated on the river Hebble, 

 a feeder of the Calder, on the slope of an eminence, 

 and is almost wholly surrounded by hills. It is 43 

 miles SW. of York, and 194 miles NNW. of 

 London.. Dr \Vhitaker derives its name from the 

 four ways travelled by pilgrims con verging towards 

 the parish church, called Holy Ways ; fax (as in 

 Carftuc) leing Norman-French for ' forks' or ways. 

 A more popular derivation is that it means 'Holy 

 Face,' from a representation of the head or face of 

 John the liaptist having l*en at a remote period 

 kept in a chapel where now stands the parish church 

 of St .lohn the Baptist. Its situation is pleasing, 

 and its general apjearance handsome; while ii^ 

 ample supply of watt- r- power and of coal, its facili- 

 ties for transmit lM>th by water and by leading 

 lines of railway, and its position in proximity to 

 many of the great towns of the north of England 

 contribute materially to its manufacturing and 

 commercial importance. Some Flemish :uti>.m- 

 had settled here in the reign of Henry VII. The 



ecclesiastical architecture of Halifax Ktrikeo every 

 visitor. The parish church of St .John, restored in 

 l*7!i, is a line specimen ,f perpendicular <.<>thic; 

 'All Souls,' built at the expense of Edward 

 Akroyd from designs by Sir G. G. Scott, in one 

 of the best and most elaborate of all the churches 

 of which he is the architect. The 'Square Church,' 

 belonging to the CongregatioBal lody, watt erected 

 in 18.V), and there are in all about forty Non- 

 conformist churches. The town hall, ojKMied by 

 the Prince of Wales in 1H(53, is a very ornate 

 Renaissance edilice, from designs by Sir Charles 

 Harry ; the new post oHiec- wa< opened in 1887. 

 Another im]M>rtant building is the Piece Hall, 

 erected in 1779 for the reception and Hale of 

 manufactured goods ; it was presented to the cor- 

 poration by Sir S. Ibbetson in 1868, and is now used 

 as a Market Hall. Among the numerous public 

 and private educational institutions of Halifax are 

 the Heath grammar-school, founded in 1585, and 

 the Blue-coat School. The school-board has the 

 control of fully two-third** of the school -children. 

 The Crossley and Porter Orphan Home and School 

 was built by the Crossley brothers at a great cost, 

 and has an endowment of 135,894. In 1887 Mr 

 J. Porter of Manchester (formerly of Halifax) 

 augmented the endowment fund by a gift of 

 50,000. Halifax has four parks Savile, Shrogg's, 

 Akroyd, with free library, museum, and art- 

 gallery, and the People's Park. The last, the gift 

 of the late Sir F. Crossley (q.v.), is tastefully laid 

 out from designs by Sir Joseph Paxton, ami cost 

 about 40,000. There are two theatres (one dating 

 from 1888). The Public Libraries Act has been 

 adopted ; there are also a Mechanics' Institute and 

 the Dean Clough Institute erected by the Crossleys 

 for their work-people. There is a strong co-opera- 

 tive society ( Halifax Industrial ), with central stores 

 erected in 1861 at a cost of 17,400, and twenty- 

 eight branch stores. 



The worsted and carpet trades are the staple 

 industries. Crossley's carpet-works, the largest 

 in the world, employ more than 5000 hands. 

 The manufactured goods, other than carpets, 

 are chiefly worsted coatings, fancy dress goods, 

 damasks, and merinos. Cotton fabrics and wool- 

 cards are manufactured, while dyeing and hosiery 

 trades are on an extensive scale. There is also 

 some trade in corn ; iron, chemicals, boots, and 

 mill-machinery are manufactured, and freestone 

 is quarried. The water-works, which are very 

 complete, have cost the corporation about 675,000. 

 Pop. (1851) 33,582; (1871) 65,510; (1881) 73,633 ; 

 (1891) 82,864. The borough since 1832 has re- 

 turned two members to parliament. 



A strange old local law, relinquished in 1650, 

 known as the Halifax Gibbet Law, was enacted 

 here at an early period of the woollen manufacture, 

 for the protection of the manufacturers against the 

 thievish propensities of persons who stole the cloth 

 when stretched all night on racks or wooden frames, 

 called tenters, to dry. The Gibbet Law provided 

 that all persons within a certain circuit, who had 

 stolen property of or above the value of 13Jd. , were 

 to be tried by the frith-burghers within the liberty ; 

 and, if found guilty, they were handed over to tne 

 magistrates for punishment, and were executed 

 on the first market-day following by means of an 

 instrument similar to the guillotine. See Watson's 

 SMory of Halloa (1TJ6; ed. by Leyland, 1869). 



Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia and the 

 principal Atlantic sea|H>rt of Canada, is situated on 

 the eastern or Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, in 

 44 39' N. lat. and 63 37' W. long. It is the 

 nearest to Great Britain of any city on the 

 American continent, being but 2178 miles from 

 Cape Clear. Pre\ ions to the founding of the city. 

 the magnificent sheet of water that constitutes its 



