518 



HALL 



then turning southward, he went into winter- 

 quarters at Thank God Harbour, Greenland (81 

 38' N. ). Here, on his return from a sledge expedi- 

 tion to the north, he was taken suddenly ill, and 

 died 8th November 1871 ; over his grave a grateful 

 epitaph was placed by the British polar expedition 

 in 1876. His companions left Thank God Harbour 

 in August 1872. In October, through the ice- 

 anchor slipping, nineteen men were left with stores 

 on a floe, and only after severe sufferings were they 

 rescued by a sealer off the Labrador coast in the 

 following April. The leaking Polaris was beached 

 on Littleton's Island, and in June 1873 the party 

 set out for Upernivik in two boats which they had 

 constructed ; they were ultimately picked up by a 

 Dundee whaler near Cape York. The charts pub- 

 lished by the expedition are often incorrect and 

 misleading, but among the valuable results of 

 Hall's work were the exploration of the West 

 Greenland channel, and the extension of Greenland 

 and Grinnell Land a degree and a half north. Hall 

 published Arctic Researches, and Life among the 

 Esquimaux (1864); and from his papers largely 

 was compiled the Narrative of the Second Arctic 

 Expedition ( Washington, 1879). 



Hall, CHESTER MOOR (1703-71), a gentleman 

 of Essex who in 1733 anticipated Dollond in the 

 invention of the achromatic Telescope ( q. v. ). 



Hall, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN, Congregational 

 minister, was the son of John Vine Hall, author of 

 The Sinner's Friend, and was born at Maidstone 

 on 22d May 1816. Having graduated at London 

 University, he preached in Hull from 1842 to 1854. 

 In this latter year he removed to London as 

 minister of Surrey Chapel, Lambeth, which was 

 originally founded by the Rev. Rowland Hill. 

 This chapel is now called Christchurch. He enjoyed 

 wide repute as an eloquent and popular preacher, 

 and is the author of several works of a devo- 

 tional character, some of which, as Come to Jesus, 

 The Call of the Master, and The Man Christ 

 Jesus, have had an enormous sale. He has also 

 written Antidote to Fear, Meditations on the Lord's 

 Prayer, Pilgrim Songs in Cloud and Sunshine, &c. 



Hall, or Halle, EDWARD, English historian, 

 was born in London in 1499, of a family settled 

 in Shropshire, but of German descent. He was 

 educated at Eton, became scholar of King's College, 

 Cambridge, in 1514, and junior Fellow in due course, 

 next studied at Gray's Inn, and heard some of the 

 lectures of Wolsey's foundation at Oxford. He 

 became one of the common Serjeants and under- 

 sheriff of the city of London, and afterwards a 

 judge in the sheriff-court, and died in 1547, in the 

 same year with Henry VIII. Next year his history 

 was printed from his manuscript by Richard 

 Grafton, under the title, The Union of the Two 

 Noble Families of Lancaster and Yorke. It was 

 composed mostly in his younger years, but was 

 > only brought down to 1532 ; the rest, down to 1546, 

 was completed by Grafton. The exceptionally large 

 number of variations in the copies make this thick, 

 black-letter folio something of a bibliographical 

 curiosity. 



Hall's work is one of the finest of our early his- 

 tories, and the stately dignity of its style and 

 reality of its figures had a charm for the dramatic 

 sense of Shakespeare. To the student of the reign 

 of Henry VIII. it is especially valuable as the truth- 

 ful and intelligent evidence of an eye-witness, and if 

 his account of his king is too uniformly eulogistic, 

 we must remember how inestimably valuable to his 

 legal mind was the present blessing of a settled 

 domestic peace after the bloodshed and distraction 

 of the Roses. Hall loves to describe with detail 

 scenes of pomp and pageantry, such as made splen- 

 did the early years of Henry's reign a taste that 



harmonises well with the stately and pompous 

 Latinisms of his English. The best edition is that 

 by Sir Henry Ellis ( 1809). 



Hall, JAMES, LL.D., geologist, was born at 

 Hingliam, Massachusetts, 12th September 1811, 

 and in 1837 was appointed one of the New York 

 state geologists. His final report on the western 

 part of the state appeared in 1843. Of his other 

 works the chief is nis important Palicontology of 

 New York (vols. i.-v. 1847-79); he also contrib- 

 uted to the geological surveys of Iowa, Wisconsin, 

 and Canada, and published nearly 250 separate 

 papers. He is a member of numerous scientific 

 bodies in Europe as well as in America. 



Hall, JOSEPH, bishop and divine, was born 1st 

 July 1574, at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. 

 He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cam- 

 bridge, of which he became a Fellow in 1595. 

 Taking orders, he held successively the livings 

 of Halstead and Waltham, in Essex, and the 

 deanery of Worcester. In 1617 he accompanied 

 James to Scotland to help establish Episcopacy, 

 and in this and the next year was one of the 

 English deputies to the synod of Dort. He 

 was consecrated Bishop of Exeter in 1627, and in 

 1641 was translated to Norwich. The later years 

 of his life were saddened by persecution. He was 

 accused of Puritanism, though he zealously defended 

 Episcopacy, and he incurred the enmity of Arch- 

 bishop Laud. In 1641, having joined the prelates 

 who protested against the validity of all laws passed 

 .during their enforced absence from parliament, he 

 was committed to the Tower, and threatened with a 

 prosecution for high-treason, but was set at liberty 

 at the end of seven months, on finding bail for 

 5000. Shortly after his return to Norwich his 

 revenues were sequestrated and his property pil- 

 laged. Thereafter he rented a small farm at 

 Higham, near Norwich, to which he retired in 1647. 

 There he died 8th September 1656. His works, 

 including Contemplations, Christian Meditations, 

 Episcopacy, and M^lndus Alter et Idem, a Latin 

 satirical romance of an unknown country in Terra 

 Australis, were edited by the Rev. Josiah Pratt 

 (10 vols. 1808), and by Peter Hall, a descendant 

 (12 vols. 1837-39). His poetical Satires: Virgi- 

 demiarum ( 1597-98 ) Pope calls ' the best poetry 

 and the truest satire in the English language.' 

 Hallam, however, accuses him of being harsh and 

 rugged, obscure, and ungrammatical. See Life by 

 George Lewis (1886). 



Hall, MARSHALL, physician and physiologist, 

 the son of Robert Hall, who introduced the prac- 

 tice of bleaching cotton with chlorine, was born 

 at Basford, in Nottinghamshire, 18th February 1790. 

 After studying medicine at Edinburgh (1809-14), 

 Paris, Gottingen, and Berlin, he settled at Notting- 

 ham in 1817 ; and practised in London from 1826 

 until 1853. He died at Brighton, llth August 1857. 

 Though not the original observer of the phenomena 

 of the reflex action of the spinal system, Hall claims 

 to have been the first to show their independence 

 of sensation, to work out the laws of their causa- 

 tion, and to apply the knowledge of them to the 

 comprehension of nervous diseases. His investiga- 

 tions on this subject were published in two papers 

 (1833-37). His name is also associated with a 

 well-known method of restoring suspended respira- 

 tion (see RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL). Besides the 

 above-mentioned papers, he wrote several works on 

 diagnosis (1817), the circulation (1831), The Inverse 

 Ratio betiveen Respiration and Irritability in the 

 Animal Kingdom ( 1832 ), and on the nervous system 

 and its diseases. A bibliography will be found in 

 Memoirs of Marshall Hall, by his widow ( 1861 ). 



Hall, ROBERT, dissenting preacher and writer, 

 was born at Arnsby, near Leicester, May 2, 1764. 



