520 



HALLAMSHIRE 



HALLECK 



the Middle Ages (2 vols. 1818), the object of 

 which is ' to exhibit in a series of historical disser- 

 tations a comprehensive survey of the chief circum- 

 stances that can interest a philosophical inquirer 

 during the period usually denominated the middle 

 ages.' Special attention is accordingly given to 

 the modes of government and constitutional laws. 

 (2) The Constitutional History of England from the 

 Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of George II. 

 (2 vols. 1827). The starting-point is so fixed, 

 because Hallam had already discussed the ante- 

 cedent portion in the eighth chapter of his View of 

 the State of Europe. He did not go further, ' being 

 influenced by unwillingness to excite the prejudices 

 of modern politics. ' This did not save him from a 

 savage attack by Southey in the Quarterly Review. 

 Macaulay made the book the subject of a brilliant 

 panegyric in his well-known Essay. The work has 

 survived both praise and blame. It is still the stan- 

 dard authority for the period over which it extends; 

 the preceding period was treated by Stubbs ; the 

 subsequent, by Sir T. E. May. (3) Introduction 

 to the Literatur e of Europe inthe Fifteenth, Sixteenth, 

 and Seventeenth Centuries (4 vols. 1837-39). This 

 exhibits an even greater range of information than 

 Hallam's other works ; but its extent prevented it 

 from being so thorough as they are. The sources 

 are not so original, and it is not of such permanent 

 value as the Constitutional History. Neither ex- 

 tracts nor biographical details are given, but full 

 analyses of the works discussed. 



Hallam's scholarship is accurate, his learning 

 is both wide and deep. He is perfectly honest 

 and perfectly disinterested. He is very anxious to 

 find out the truth and impart it to the reader ; and 

 his style is clear and correct. He had some defects. 

 He was a Whig of the old school ( he was keenly 

 opposed to the first Reform Bill ), and disposed to 

 look at everything from a somewhat narrow party 

 point of view. There is a want of colour and 

 animation about his style, and there is little human 

 interest in his work ; he dissects the past, but he 

 does not make it live again for his readers. He is 

 an author 'rather praised than read,' or at least 

 his works are rather consulted by the student than 

 popular with the general reader. Possibly this is 

 the fate he would himself have wished for them. 



There is oddly enough no complete Life of Hallam. The 

 best accounts are the obituary and funeral notices in the 

 Times, 24th and 31st January 1859, and in the Proceed- 

 ings of the Royal Society of London ( vol. x. p. 12, 1859- 

 60 ). See also Harriet Martineau's Biographical Sketches. 

 The Remains of Arthur Henry Hallam, with a memoir 

 by his father, appeared in 1834, and a brief notice of 

 Henry Fitzmaurice Hallam was printed soon after his 

 death. Editions, translations, and abridgments of Hal- 

 Iain's works are numerous. 



Hallailisllire, an ancient manor of the West 

 Riding of Yorkshire, with Sheffield for its capital. 

 It now gives name to a parliamentary division. 



Halle* a city of Prussian Saxony, known as 

 Halle an der Saale, to distinguish it from other 

 places of the same name in Germany, is situated on 

 the right bank of the Saale and on several small 

 islands of the river, 20 miles by rail N W. of Leipzig. 

 As an important railway centre, Halle has of late 

 years rapidly increased in size, industry, and pros- 

 perity. Its famous university was founded in 1694 

 by Frederick I. of Prussia ; after having been sup- 

 pressed by Napoleon in 1806, and again in 1813, it 

 was re-established in 1815 and incorporated ^yith 

 the university of Wittenberg, which had been dis- 

 solved during the war. At first a chief seat of the 

 pietistic school of theology, Halle subsequently 

 became the headquarters of the rationalistic and 

 critical schools. In 1888 the university was at- 

 tended by 1501 students, and had 116 professors and 

 lecturers. The Francke Institutions rank amongst 



the most important establishments of the place 

 (see FRANCKE). The noteworthy buildings and in- 

 stitutions embrace St Mary's church ( 1529-54 ) ; the 

 Gothic church of St Maurice, dating from the 12th. 

 century, with fine wood-carvings and sculptures ; 

 the red tower 276 feet high, in the market-place, 

 with a Roland statue in front of it ; the town-hall ;. 

 the remains of the Moritzburg, built in 1484, the 

 ancient residence of the archbishops of Magdeburg ;. 

 a deaconesses' home ; a large penitentiary ; the 

 medical institutes and clinical hospitals ; the agri- 

 cultural institute; the university library (220,000 

 vols. ) ; a provincial museum ; an art collection ; 

 and an arclutological and other museums. The 

 most important industrial product of Halle is 

 salt, obtained from brine springs within and near 

 the town, which have been worked from before 

 the 7th century, and still yield about 1 14,500- 

 cwt. annually. The men employed at the salt- 

 springs, and known as ' Halloren,' are a distinct 

 race, supposed by some to be of Wendish and by 

 others of Celtic descent, who have retained numer- 

 ous ancient and characteristic peculiarities. The- 

 industries next in importance after the salt-manu- 

 facture are machine-making, sugar-refining, print- 

 ing, brewing, the manufacture of mineral oil, and! 

 fruit cultivation. A very active trade is carried on 

 in machines, raw sugar, mineral oil, grain, and 

 flour. Halle is the birthplace of Handel the com- 

 poser. Pop. (1871) 52,639; (1880) 71,484; (1885> 

 81,949; (1891) 101,401. 



Halle, originally a border fortress against the 

 Slavs, became in the 10th century an appanage of 

 the Archbishop of Magdeburg, and by the 12th 

 century was famous as a commercial city. In that 

 and the 13th century Halle was a powerful member 

 of the Hanseatic League, and successfully withstood 

 a fierce siege by the Archbishop of Magdeburg in 

 1435, but finally fell into his hands in 1478. Terribly 

 impoverished during the Thirty Years' War, it was- 

 incorporated with Brandenburg at the peace of 

 Westphalia. See works by Von Hagen ( 1866-67 ), 

 Voss (1874), and Schonermark (1886). 



Halle, ADAM DE LA. See DRAMA. 



Halle*, SIR CHARLES, an eminent pianist, was- 

 born at Hagen, in Westphalia, llth April 1819. 

 He studied first at Darmstadt, and from 1840 at 

 Paris, where his reputation was established by his 

 concerts of classical music. But the revolution of 



1848 drove him to England, and he ultimately 

 settled in Manchester. He and his highly-trained 

 orchestra were ere long familiar to the music lovers- 

 of the kingdom from London to Aberdeen. He did 

 much to raise the popular standard of musical 

 taste by familiarising the British public with the 

 great classical masters. An LL.D. of Edinburgh 

 (1884), and knighted in 1888, he died 25th October 

 1895. LADY HALLE (nee Wilhelmine Neruda), 

 violinist, was born at Briinn in Moravia, 29th 

 March 1839. An organist's daughter, she made 

 her debut at Vienna in 1846, and three years- 

 later played first in London at the Philharmonic. 

 She married in 1864 the Swedish musician Nor- 

 mann, and, after his death in 1885, Sir Charles 

 Halle. 



Halleck, FITZ-GREENE, an American poet, 

 born at Guilford, Connecticut, July 8, 1790. By 

 his mother he was descended from John Eliot, 

 'the apostle of the Indians.' He became a clerk 

 in a bank in New York in 1811, and in 1832 

 the private secretary of John Jacob Astor ; in 



1849 he retired, on an annuity of $200 left him 

 by Astor, to his native town, where he spent the 

 remainder of his days, and died November 19, 1867. 

 From his boyhood Halleck wrote verses, and in 

 1819 he contributed, with Joseph Rodman Drake,, 

 a series of humorous satirical papers in verse to 



