HALLECK 



HALLEY 



521 



the New York Evening Pott. In the same year 

 he published his longest poem, Fanny (2d ed., 

 enlarged, 1821 ), a satire on the literature, fashions, 

 ami politics of the time, in the measure of Dun 

 .In, in. Me visited Europe in 1822, and in 1827 

 l-iililished anonymously an edition of his ppeiiiB 

 i. 'M c<l., enlarged, 1845). In 1865 he published 

 Yuiiiig America, a poem of three hundred lines. 

 His complete I'm-timl Writings have been edited 

 by his biographer (1869). Halleck is a. fair poet. 

 His style is spirited, (lowing, graceful, and harmoni- 

 ous. Hia pot-ilia display much geniality and tender 

 feeling. Their humour is quaint and pungent, and 

 it not rich, is always refined. See his Life and 

 Letters, edited by James Grant Wilson (1869). 



Halleck, HENRY WAGER, an American 

 general, was born at Westernville, New York, 

 16th January 1815, and graduated at West Point 

 in 1839. During the Mexican war he was em- 

 ployed in the operations on the Pacific coast, and 

 for his gallant services was breveted captain in 

 1847. He took a leading part in organising the 

 state of California, became captain of engineers in 

 1853, left the service in 1854, and for some time 

 practised law in San Francisco. On the outbreak 

 of the civil war he was commissioned major-general 

 in the regular army, and in November 1801 was 

 commander of the department of the 



Missouri, which in a few weeks he reduced to 

 order. In March 1862 the Confederate first line 

 had been carried from end to end, and Halleck's 

 command was extended so as to embrace, under 

 the name of the department of the Mississippi, the 

 vast stretch of territory between the Rocky Moun- 

 tains and the Alleghanies. His services in the 

 field ended with the capture of Corinth, with its 

 fifteen miles of intrenchments, in May 1862. In 

 July he became general -in-chief of all the armies 

 of the United States ; and henceforth he directed 

 from Washington the movements of the generals 

 in the field, until, in March 1864, he was super- 

 seded by General Grant. Halleck was chief of 

 stall' until 1865, commanded the military division 

 of the Pacific until 1869, and that of the South 

 until his death, 9th January 1872. His Elements 

 of Military Art and Science (1846; new ed. 1861) 

 was much used during the civil war ; and he also 

 published books on mining laws, &c. 



HiUlt'flillta (Swedish), a very hard compact 

 rock, yellow, red, brown, green, gray, or black. 

 It i composed of an intimate mixture of siliceous 

 and felspathic matter, with occasionally scales of 

 chlorite or mica. In hand-specimens it might be 

 readily mistaken for a compact felsite, but in good 

 sections in the field it generally occurs in thin beds 

 and bands. It appears to be a metamorphic rock 

 in some cases an altered volcanic mud. 



II al lei n. a town of Austria, 10 miles S. of Salz- 

 burg, is noted for its salt-works and saline baths. 

 Salt is made to the amount of 220,000 cwt. 

 annually. Pop. 3927. 



Hallelujah, or ALLELUIA (Heb., 'Praise ye 

 Jehovah ' ), one of the forms of doxology used in 

 the ancient church, derived from the Old Testa- 

 ment, and retained, even in the Greek and Latin 

 liturgies, in the original Hebrew. The singing of 

 the doxology in this form dates from the very 

 earliest times ; but considerable diversity has pre- 

 vailed in different churches and at different periods 

 as to the time of using it. In general it may be 

 said that, being in its own nature a canticle of 

 gladness and triumph, it was not used in the 

 penitential seasons, nor in services set apart for 

 occasions of sorrow or humiliation. In tne time 

 of St Augustine the hallelujah was universally 

 used only from the feast of Easter to that of 

 Pentecost ; but a century afterwards it had become 



the rule in the West to intermit ite tue only 

 during the season of Lent and Advent, and on 

 the vigils of the principal festivals. In the Roman 

 Catholic Church this usage is followed. 



Haller, ALHKECHT VON, anatomist, botanist, 

 ph\ .-iologist, and poet, was burn at Bern, Ifitli 

 October 1708. He was a sickly but remarkably 

 precocious child. After a severe course of study, 



at 'I'u In n -i-ii, Levden (where lie graduated in 

 1727), London, Paris, Oxford, and Basel, he 

 settled down to practise as a physician at IVin 

 in 1729. There, in the course of seven years, hw 

 botanical researches, especially on the llora of 

 Switzerland, and his anatomical investigation.-, 

 spread his fame through Europe, and led to his 

 being called (1736) to fill the chair of Medicine, 

 Anatomy, Botany, and Surgery at the newly- 

 founded university of Gottingen. Here he organ- 

 ised a botanical garden, an anatomical IIIUM-UIU 

 and theatre, and an obstetrical school ; hel(>ed to 

 found the Gottingen Royal Academy of Sciences ; 

 wrote a great number of anatomical and physi- 

 ological works ; took an active part in the literary 

 movement which culminated in the golden age of 

 Goethe and Schiller ; and interested himself in 

 nearly all the questions of the day. In 1753 this 

 many-sided man resigned his offices and dignities 

 at Gottingen and returned to his beloved IJi-rn, 

 where the rest of his life was spent, his energies 

 being principally occupied with the duties of 

 ' amman ' or magistrate. Nevertheless he found 

 time to write three political romances, and to 

 prepare four large works on the bibliography con- 

 nected with botany, anatomy, surgery, and medi- 

 cine. Critics of the standing of Vilmar name him 

 first among the regenerators of German poetry, and 

 give him the credit of beginning the new epoch. 

 His poems were descriptive, didactic, and (the 

 best of them) lyrical. Haller died at Bern, 12th 

 December 1777. His name is particularly con- 

 nected with muscular irritability, the circulation 

 of the blood, and numerous excellent descriptions, 

 of an anatomico-physiological character, of import- 

 ant parts of the human body. Of his volumin- 

 ous writings the chief were Icones Anatotniae 

 (1743-50), Opuscula Anatomica Minora (1762-68), 

 Disputationes Anatomicce Selectiores (1746-52), 

 Elementa Physiologce Carports Humani (1757-66), 

 De Respiratione (1746-49), De Functionibus L'or- 

 poris Human i Prcecipuarum Part iu in (1777-78), 

 Opuscula Pathologica (1755), Enumeratio Stirpiiun- 

 Helveticarum (1742), Opuscula Botanica (1749), 

 and Gedichte (1732; new ed. 1882). See Lives by 

 Blosch and Hirzel (1877) and Frey (1879). 



Halley, EDMUND, astronomer and mathema- 

 tician, was born at Haggerston, near London, 

 29th October 1656, educated at St Paul's School, 

 and afterwards at Queen's College, Oxford, which 

 he entered in 1673. Before leaving school he be- 

 came an experimenter in physics, and noticed the 

 variation of the compass. In 1676 he published 

 a paper (in Philosophical Transactions) on the 

 orbits of the principal planets, also observations 

 on a spot on the sun, from which he inferred the 

 sun's rotation on its axis. In November of the 

 same year he went to St Helena, where he applied 

 himself to the formation of a catalogue of the stars 

 in the southern hemisphere, which he published 

 in 1679 (Catalogue Stdlarum Australian). SIMHI 

 after his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society. 

 he was deputed by that body to go to Danzig 

 (1679) to settle a controversy between Hooke and 

 Helvetius respecting the proper glasses for astro- 

 nomical observations. In 1680 he was again on 

 the Continent; with Cassini at Paris he made 

 observations on the great comet which goes by his 

 name (see COMET), and the return of which 



