522 HALLIWELL-PHILLIPPS 



HALL-MARKS 



he predicted. After his return to England he 

 published in 1683 (Phil. Trans.) his theory of 

 the variation of the magnet. The next year 

 he made the acquaintance of Newton the occa- 

 sion being his desire to find a test of a conjec- 

 ture which lie had made, that the centripetal force 

 in the solar system was one varying inversely 

 as the square of the distance. He found that 

 Newton had anticipated him, both in conjecturing 

 and in demonstrating this fact. For an account 

 of Halley's connection with the publication of the 

 Principia, see NEWTON. In 1686 Halley published 

 an account of the trade-winds and monsoons on 

 seas near and between the tropics. Two years 

 later he undertook a long ocean voyage for the 

 purpose of testing his theory of the magnetic varia- 

 tion of the compass, and embodied the results of 

 his observations in a chart (1701). In the follow- 

 ing year he surveyed the coasts of the English 

 Channel, and made a chart of its tides. In 1703 

 he was appointed Savilian professor of Geometry at 

 Oxford, and two years later published his researches 

 on the orbits of the comets. On the death of Sir 

 Hans Sloane he became (1713) secretary of the 

 Royal Society, and held that position until 1721. 

 During this period he made valuable experiments 

 with the diving-hell ( see DIVING ). In 1720, after the 

 death of Flamsteed, he became astronomer-royal, 

 and his last years he spent in observing the moon 

 through a revolution of her nodes. He died at 

 Greenwich, 14th January 1742. His Tabulce Astro- 

 nomicce did not appear till 1749. Among his prin- 

 cipal astronomical discoveries may be mentioned 

 that of the long inequality of Jupiter and Saturn, 

 and that of the slow acceleration of the moon's 

 mean motion. He has the honour of having been 

 the first who predicted the return of a comet, and 

 also of having recommended the observation of 

 the transits of Venus with a view to determining 

 the sun's parallax a method of ascertaining the 

 parallax first suggested by James Gregory. 



Halliwell-Phillipps, JAMES ORCHARD, a 

 great Shakespearian scholar and antiquary, was 

 born at Chelsea in 1820, the son of Thomas Halli- 

 well. He studied at Jesus College, Cambridge, 

 and, yet an undergraduate, began that long career 

 as an editor which he kept up almost till the close 

 of life. His studies embraced the whole field of 

 onr earlier literature, plays, ballads, popular 

 rhymes and folklore, chap-books, and English 

 dialects, and its fruits remain in the publications of 

 the old Shakespeare and Percy societies. As early 

 as 1839 he was elected Fellow of the Royal and 

 Antiquarian societies. Gradually he came to con- 

 centrate himself upon Shakespeare alone, and more 

 particularly upon the facts of his life, the successive 

 editions of his Outlines of the Life of Shakespeare 

 (1848; 8th ed. 1889) recording the growing results 

 of his discoveries. For many years he waged a 

 brave warfare with fortune, but in 1872 he took 

 over the management of the property his wife 

 (died 1879) inherited from her father, Thomas 

 Phillipps, and assumed his father-in-law's name. 

 In his quaint house at Hollingbury Copse near 

 Brighton he accumulated an unrivalled collection of 

 Shakespearian books, MSS., and rarities of every 

 kind, and dispensing hospitalities to scholarly 

 visitors from all parts of England and America, as 

 well as giving princely benefactions of books to 

 Edinburgh University, Stratford, and Birmingham. 

 Here he died, January 3, 1889. The privately 

 printed Calendar (1887) of his collection embraced 

 as many as 804 different items. By his Avill it 

 was first offered, at the price of 7000, to the 

 corporation of Birmingham ; but it was not 

 accepted. Apart from Shakespeare, his Nursery 

 Rhymes and Nursery Tales of England (1845) and 

 Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words ( 1847 ; 



6th ed. 1868) will keep his name from being for- 

 gotten. His magnificent edition in folio of the 

 Works of Shakespeare ( 16 vols. 1853-65) was pub- 

 lished at a price prohibitive to most students. 



Hall-marks, or PLATE-MARKS, are authorised 

 legal impressions made on articles of gold and 

 silver at the various assay offices in the United 

 Kingdom for the purpose of indicating to the 

 public the true value and fineness of the metal of 

 which they are composed. The marks are a series 

 of symbols, which are stamped in an embossed 

 style extending in a line of about one-half to three- 

 quarters of an inch in length, the size of the marks 

 varying with that of the articles on which they are 

 impressed. They are usually stamped on every 

 separate piece that is used to compose or make up 

 an article. These symbols have the following re- 

 presentation : ( 1 ) The maker's mark, which is the 

 initials of his Christian and surname, used since 

 1739. (2) The standard or Her Majesty's mark 

 viz. for gold of 22 carats, a crown and 22 ; for gold 

 of 18 carats, a crown and 18 ; for gold of 15 carats, 

 15 and "625 ; for gold of 12 carats, 12 and '5 ; and 

 for gold of 9 carats, 9 and "375. These standard 

 marks represent England ; they are different for 

 Scotland and Ireland. In the Edinburgh assay 

 office the marks are : for gold of 22 carats, a 

 thistle and 22 ; for gold of 18 carats, a thistle and 

 18 ; for gold of 15 carats, 15 ; for gold of 12 carats, 

 12 ; and for gold of 9 carats, 9. For Glasgow they 

 are : for gold of 22 carats, a lion rampant and 22 ; 

 for gold of 18 carats, a lion rampant and 18 ; for 

 gold of 15 carats, a lion rampant and 15; for gold of 

 12 carats, a lion rampant and 12 ; and for gold of 9 

 carats, a lion rampant and 9. For Ireland the 

 standard marks are : for gold of 22 carats, a harp 

 crowned and 22 ; for gold of 20 carats extra 

 standard for Ireland only a plume of feathers and 

 20 ; for gold of 18 carats', a unicorn's head and 18 ; 

 for gold of 15 carats, 15 and '625 ; for gold of 12 

 carats, 12 and '5 ; and for gold of 9 carats, 9 and 

 '375. For England the silver standard marks are 

 a lion passant for metal composed of 11 oz. 2 dwt. 

 of fine silver to 18 dwt. of alloy, and Britannia for 

 11 oz. 10 dwt. fine silver to 10 dwt. alloy. For 

 Scotland, a thistle for 11 oz. 2 dwt., and a thistle 

 and Britannia for 11 oz. 10 dwt. at the Edinburgh 

 assay office ; and a lion rampant for 11 oz. 2 dwt., 

 and a lion rampant and Britannia for 11 oz. 10 

 dwt. at the Glasgow assay office. For Ireland, 

 a crowned harp for 11 oz. 2 dwt. No new standard 

 of 11 oz. 10 dwt. is assayed and marked in Ire- 

 land. The figures in the gold standards denote 

 the number of carats fine there are in any article 

 bearing them, pure gold being reckoned at 24 

 carats ; so that if a piece of gold-plate or jewelry 

 is marked with a crown and 18 it indicates that 

 it consists of 18 parts of pure gold and 6 parts 

 of some other and inferior metal. This alloy 

 would consist of three-fourths gold and one-fourth 

 alloy. Gold as low in fineness as 9 carats is now 

 legal, and as it is marked by the assay author- 

 ities there can be no deception if the public rightly 

 understand the hall-marks introduced for their 

 benefit. If they do not, then they are likely to be 

 deceived. Nine-carat gold is a little over one- 

 third pure gold. (3) The hall-mark of the assay 

 towns : London, a leopard's head ; Birmingham, 

 an anchor ; Chester, a dagger and three wheat 

 sheaves ; Sheffield, a crown ; Newcastle, three 

 castles ; Exeter, a castle with three towers ; Edin- 

 burgh, a castle ; Glasgow, a tree, fish, and bell ; 

 Dublin, Hibernia. ( 4 ) The duty mark : the Queen's 

 head, or head of the reigning sovereign, introduced 

 in the year 1784. (5) The date mark : each assay 

 office has now its letter or date mark, changed 

 every year ; 20 to 26 letters of the alphabet being 

 used in rotation, and repeated in different styles of 



