HA LOS 



having u ruilius not exceeding 1'J dr-iees. In each 

 ring the ml is outside, showing tliat it is H diffrac- 

 tion ell'ect like a corona, hut the exact cause ha- 

 not been determined. If the fog w very near, til-- 

 observer's shadow is visit. I.-, forming what is known 

 as the Hrocken Spectre (see MiK.UJK); anil if the 

 b i Inn the sliadow looks farther away than it 

 really is, and is therefore supposed by the spectator 

 to be of gigantic si/.e. 



llalos. in religious art. See NIMBUS. 



Hals, KUANS, the elder, portrait and genre 

 painter, was born, probably at Antwerp, in I'M) or 

 I..M, though some autliorities give 1584 as the 

 date. His parents, iueiul>er8 of an old Haarlem 

 family, returned to that city about 1600, and Hals 

 Mudied under Karel van Mander and, according to 

 .->mu accounts, under Rubens. Some ten years 

 later he married Anneke Hermanszoon, and in 

 Hil-") he was summoned before the magistrates and 

 reprimanded for ill-treating his wife and for his 

 1 1 run ken and disorderly life. A few weeks later 

 his wife died, and in 1617 he married a woman of 

 doubtful character, Lysbeth Reynier. In his later 

 \ears, in spite of his unceasing industry, to which 

 the numerous works from his hand in the conti- 

 nental galleries bear witness, he fell into poverty, 

 and was relieved by the municipality of Haarlem, 

 who in 1664 bestowed on him a pension of 200 

 florins. He died at Haarlem in 1666, and on the 

 1st of September was buried in the church of St 

 1 Savon. Hals is usually regarded as the founder 

 of t he Dutch school of grere-painting. His subjects 

 of feasting and carousal are treated with marvellous 

 vivacity and spirit, and as a portray er of faces con- 

 vulsed with laughter he is without a rival. His 

 portraits are full of character, and catch with 

 admirable subtlety the lightest shades of passing 

 expression. Technically his work is masterly, his 

 handling being most direct and powerful ; but a 

 certain hardness and crudeness of tone is frequently 

 apparent in his rendering of flesh, and his later 

 works have little variety of colouring, and show an 

 unpleasant blackness in the shadows. Of his por- 

 trait groups eight noble examples are preserved in 

 the museum of Haarlem, the finest being that dated 

 1633, representing the officers of the corps of St 

 Adrian. The 'Mandoline Player' (1630), in the 

 gallery of Amsterdam, is a typical example of 

 his treatment of single figures. A series of excel- 

 lent etchings after the works of Hals, by Professor 

 William linger, with text by C. Vosmaer, was 

 published in Leyden in 1873. As a teacher he 

 exercised a marked influence upon the develop- 

 ment of Dutch art, Jan Verspronck, Van der 

 Heist, Adrian van Ostade, Adrian Brouwer, and 

 Wouwerman having been his pupils. An interesting 

 view of the interior of his studio, dated 1652, by 

 Job Berch-Heyde, another of his scholars, is in the 

 Haarlem Museum. His brother, DIRK HALS, a 

 pupil of Abraham Bloemaert, was also an excellent 

 gen re- painter (6. before 1600, d. 1656) ; and several 

 of Frans's sons were artists, the most celebrated 

 being Frans Hals, the younger, who flourished from 

 about 1637 to 1669. 



Halstead, a market-town of Essex, on the 

 Colne, 56 miles NE. of London. The parish church 

 has a wooden spire and many old monuments ; the 

 free grammar-school dates from 1590. It has manu- 

 factures of crape, silk, and paper ; straw-plaiting 

 is also carried on. Pop. 6959. 



Halyblirton, THOMAS, a Scotch divine, was 

 Imrn at Dupplin near Perth in 1674, and was 

 for eleven years minister of Ceres in Fife, and 

 then for two professor of Divinity at St Andrews, 

 where he died in Septemlier 1712. He was the 

 author of several works, including Natural Reli- 

 gion insufficient, and Revealed necessary, to Man's 



HAM 



525 



; The Great Conrr.rn of Salvation; and 

 7 01 ,s'/ ////o// v Breached before and after the Celt- 

 hntttoii <>f the Lord's Sujtper. The works, enneci- 

 ally the autobiographic memoir, of the ' Holy 

 Halyhurton' were once very ]x>pular among the 

 penple df Scotland; and even at the present 

 day they are still read. Thev were published, 

 together with an Kssay on his Life and Writings, 

 by Dr Robert Burns ( London, 1835). 



llalys. See ASIA MINOR. 



Ham. properly the hind part or angle of the 

 knee ; but usually applied to the cured thigh of the 

 hog or sheep, more especially the first. Ham- 

 curing, or, what is the same thing, bacon-curing, 

 is performed in a variety of methods, each country 

 or district having its own peculiar treatment; these, 

 however, relate to minor points. The essential 

 operations are 'as follows : Hie meat is first well 

 rubbed with salt, and either left on a bench that 

 the brine may drain away, or covered up in a 

 close vessel ; after a few days it is rubbed again, 

 this time with a mixture of calt and saltpetre, to 

 which sugar is sometimes added, or with a mixture 

 of salt and sugar alone. It is then consigned to the 

 bench or tub for at least a week longer, after which 

 it is generally ready for drying. Wet salting re- 

 quires, on the whole, about three weeks ; dry 

 salting, a week longer. Mutton-hams should not 

 be kept in pickle longer than about three weeks. 

 Some hams are merely hung up to dry without l>einu 

 smoked ; others, after being dried, are removed 

 to the smoking-house, which consists of two and 

 sometimes three stories ; the fire is kindled in the 

 lowest, and the meat is hung up in the second and 

 third stories, to which the smoke ascends. The fire 

 is kept up with supplies of oak or beech chips, 

 thougli in some districts twigs of juniper, and in 

 many parts of Great Britain peat, are used. Fir, 

 larch, and such kinds of wood, on account of the 

 unpleasant flavour they impart, are on no account 

 to be used. The fire must be kept, night and day, 

 in a smouldering state for three or four days, at the 

 end of which time the ham, if not more than five 

 or six inches deep, is perfectly smoked. As cold 

 weather is preferable for the operation of curing, it 

 is chiefly carried on during winter. Many of the 

 country-people in those parts of England where 

 wood and peat are used for fuel smoke hams by 

 hanging them up inside large wide chimneys, a 

 method common in Westmorland. The curing of 

 beef and mutton hams is carried on chiefly in the 

 north of England and Dumfriesshire in Scotland ; 

 that of pork-hams, on the other hand, is found in 

 various countries, among the best known being 

 those connected in commerce with the names or 

 Belfast and Westphalia. Harris of Calne, Wilt- 

 shire, introduced an ammonia freezing-process avail- 

 able both summer and winter. Chicago ( q. v. ) is the 

 chief centre of the enormous American industry of 

 pork-packing. . The imports of bacon and hams 

 into the United Kingdom in 1888 amounted to 

 3,594,212 cwt., of a value of 8,343,387. Of this 

 quantity the value from the United States was 

 3,874,170, from Denmark 1,389,047. The import 

 of hams only in 1888 was 730,408 cwt., of the value 

 of 1,929,602. The total value of the imports of 

 bacon and hams in 1886 was 8,402,828; in 1894, 

 10,855,715. The total export of bacon and hams 

 from the United States is valued at upwards of 

 $30,000,000 a year. See PIG. 



Hani, a town in the French department of 

 Soniine, on the river of that name, 12 miles SW. of 

 St (.Juentin. Its ancient fortress or castle was 

 rebuilt by the Comte de Saint Pol in 1470, 

 and now is used as a state-prison. It is memor- 

 able as the place of confinement of Joan of Arc, 

 Moncey, and others ; of Polignac, Peyronnet, and 



