1 1 AM Kit LING 



527 



roiiim.Mvi.il cii-i- in 17<.'l. On the other hand, (lu- 

 ll Revolution drove inuiiy of the. tmiijrtn to 

 Hamburg, and tlio ranks of its merchant* were Htill 

 further strengthened by refugees from Holland, 

 \\li.-u that country wits overrun by the. French in 

 But eleven years later Hamburg itself 

 wan occupied by tlio French, and with tlmt event 

 tin-re commenced for the city a jwriod of great 

 tribulation. In 1810 it was annexed to the Freneli 

 empire, hnt at the same time lost its commerce and 

 lipping trade. For having in 1813 admitted 

 the I Indians within its walls the city was cruelly 

 treated hy Davout, Napoleon's general; and the 

 cup ..I its 'misery was filled to the hrim hy the siege 

 which Bennigsen hegan in that same year. 



Between ISOti and 1H14, when the French occu- 

 pation came to an end hy the capitulation of 

 Uavoftt to the allies, the population decreased 

 by nearly one-half, namely to 55,000, and had to 

 endure losses of property estimated at 7,000,000. 

 In the following year Hamburg joined the Ger- 

 man Confederation as one of the tour free cities, 

 and its m-osperity hegan rapidly to revive. An- 

 other calamity overtook the town in 1842: in 

 three .lays one-third of. Hamburg was destroyed 

 by lire, and more than two millions sterling worth 

 of property lost. That part of the town was, 

 however, immediately rebuilt in modern style. 

 The older portion is intersected by canals, which 

 serve as waterways between the river and the ware- 

 houses. The ramparts have been converted into 

 gardens and promenades. In 1843 an agitation 

 was set on foot for a reform in the constitution, a 

 step which it took eighteen years to carry into 

 ellec.t. On 1st October 1888 Hamburg entered the 

 German Customs Union, though still retaining part 

 of its territory as a 'free port.' This change has 

 necessitated extensive alterations in the harbour : 

 several quays have been built, warehouses con- 

 structed, steam-cranes erected, .and the railway 

 communication with the chief industrial centres of 

 Germany improved. In 1890 new docks were in 

 course of construction at Cuxhaven for the use of 

 the great ocean-going steamers. The finest public 

 buildings are the 'school house' (containing the 

 town library of 400,000 volumes and 5500 MSS., 

 and a natural history museum ), town-house, 

 pii-t ure-gallery, exchange, bank, post-office, and 

 some churches. Of these last four are notice- 

 able St Nicholas, built from designs by Sir 

 Gilbert Scott, as a memorial of the fire of 1842, a 

 handsome Gothic building, with a spire 482 feet 

 high ; St Michael's, an 18th-century Renaissance 

 elm rch, with a spire 469 feet high ; and St Cather- 

 ine's and St James's, both Gothic edifices of the 

 14th and 15th centuries. In addition to numerous 

 excellent schools and charitable institutions, Ham- 

 burg possesses a school of navigation, with which is 

 connected an observatory, a zoological and a botani- 

 cal garden, and several museums and art-galleries. 

 Hamburg has played an important part in the 

 hi-tory or the German stage. 



Hamburg is the busiest commercial city on the 

 comment of Europe, and the principal commercial 

 seaport of Germany. Next to London it has the 

 largest money-exchange transactions in Europe; the 

 bank of Hamburg was founded so long ago as 1619. 

 As a commercial centre its only rivals are London, 

 Liverpool, Antwerp, and New York. Its manu- 

 factures, though a long way inferior in value to 

 its commerce, are not unimportant. The principal 

 are cigar-making, distilling of spirits, sugar-relining, 

 brewing, engineering, iron-founding, manufacture 

 of chemicals, india-rubler wares, furniture, starch, 

 and jute, and shipbuilding. In 1865 the number of 

 vessels that entered the port was 5186, with a gross 

 burden of 1,223,000 tons; the>e li-nr. s rose to .V.'tio 

 vessels and 2,118,000 tons in 1875, and to (57! MI 



vessels and 3,704,000 toiw in 1885, whilst in 1887 

 they were 730H vi-hjlu and 3,990,000 ton*. The 

 number ami tonnage of the vessels that cleared 

 were about the same in the corresponding year*. 

 Of the vessels entering in 1887 about 30 per cent, 

 were British. The ini|H>rtn have increased at an 

 extraordinarily rapid rate : in 1H64 they were 

 valued at 57,976,000, in 1875 at 85,050,000, in 

 1885 at 102,300,000, and in 1887 at 111,948,800. 

 These returns do not include bullion. The total 

 value of the trade of Hamburg with Great Britain 

 and her possessions amounted to 28,000,000 in 

 1887. Of the imports alnmt one-half represent the. 

 value of goods brought into Hamburg by rail and 

 river (Elbe) from the interior of the country'. Next 

 after Great Britain the countries with which 

 Hamburg has commercial transactions of the 

 greatest magnitude are the United States, the 

 countries on the west and east coaste of South 

 America, France, Holland and Belgium, Central 

 America, Russia, the East Indies and China, and 

 the east and west coasts of Africa. Hamburg owes 

 a large part of its trade to its position as a distrib- 

 uting centre for commodities brought from distant . 

 parts of the world, to be afterwards sent to the 

 different countries of Europe. In 1891 the total im- 

 ports ( without bullion ) were valued at 138,270,000, 

 and the exports at 121,795,000. Hamburg is a 

 great port for emigration. The city was severely 

 visited by cholera in autumn of 1892 ; there were 

 17,000 cases and 9000 deaths. In 1880 the popula- 

 tion of the state was 518,468. In 1890 the popula- 

 tion was, in the city, 323,923; suburbs, 245,337 ; rest 

 of the territory, 5.3,270 ; total of the state, 622,530. 

 There were 23,351 Catholics, and 17,877 Jews. 



See Monckeberg, Geschichte der Freien und Hanse-Stadts 

 Hamburg (1885); Gaedechens, Historiscke Topottraphie 

 der Freien und Hame-Stadt Hamlmrg (1880) ; and two 

 historical works by Gallois (1856-57 and 1861-05). 



Hameln, a town and formerly a fortress of 

 Hanover, occupies a commanding position on the 

 Weser, 25 miles SW. of Hanover. It presents a 

 quite medieval appearance, having many houses 

 and buildings surviving from the Gothic and 

 Renaissance periods of architecture. The chain- 

 bridge which here crosses the Weser was completed 

 in 1839, and is about 840 feet in length. The chief 

 employments of the people are machine-making, 

 iron -founding, wool-spinning, fish-breeding, brew- 

 ing, and the manufacture of leather, paper, artificial 

 manure, and chemicals. In the earliest times 

 Hameln belonged to the Abbey of Fulda, and was 

 a member of the Hanseatic Confederation. It 

 suffered severely during the Thirty Years' War. 

 Pop. (1885) 11,831. With this town is connected 

 the well-known legend of the Piper (or Ratcatcher > 

 of Hameln, who in 1284 freed the town from rats 

 through the mystic charm of his pipe ; but, when 

 the people refused to pay him the promised reward, 

 he exercised the power of his music upon the children 

 of the place, ana drew them away into the heart of 

 an adjoining hill, which opened to receive them, 

 and through which he led them to Transylvania. 

 The story is familiar from Browning's ' Pied Piper 

 of Hamelin.' 



Hnmerling, ROBERT, Austrian poet, was born 

 of poor parents at Kirchl>ergin the Forest, in Lower 

 Austria, on 24th March 1S30. Having completed 

 his studies at Vienna, Hamerling became a teacher 

 in the gvmnasium at Trieste in 1855. But at the 

 end of eleven years of work, ill-health compelled 

 him to retire. From that time down to the date of 

 hi- death, on 13th July 1889. he lived at Gratz, 

 almost entirely confined to his bed, but nevertheless 

 leading a busy life as a writer of poetry. He 

 lM>gan his career by the publication in 1860 of a 

 volume of lyrics, 'Sinneit inn/ MinnCH (7th ed. 



