HAMILTON 



531 



>1 leader of the Federal (q.v.) party until Inn 

 death, mid was foremost in the fierce party strife of 

 ism His successful ellorts to thwart the ambition 

 <>f liis iier-mial rival, Aaron Burr (q.v.), finally 

 involved him in u duel with him. Hamilton had 

 ii in regard tin- practice of duelling with 

 lal abhorrence, hut he appears to have felt 

 miilcr an obligation to accept the challenge; and 

 on i In- morning of llth .Inly 1804 they met on 

 the \\cst hank nt tin- Hinlson, on the same spot 

 where Hamilton's eldest son had received his death - 

 \Miiiinl in a duel three years before. Hamilton was 

 mortally wounded, and died the next day, leaving 

 tin- nation his indignant mourners, and liis slayer 

 for the time an exile. Hamilton's errors, like his 

 -'.length, arose largely from his strong, master- 

 ful will and passionate nature. The immediate 

 i-lleets of his hrilliant services at a crisis in his 

 country's fate endure to this day ; his influence is 

 stamped on every page of the American constitu- 

 tion ; and his writings still impress the reader by 

 their vigour, their learning, and the maturity of 

 intellect they display. His works, exclusive of 

 The Federalist, were edited by his son, John C. 

 Hamilton (7 vols. 1851 )", who also published a Life 

 (2 vols. 1834-40). See Riethnuiller's eulogistic 

 Hamilton and his Contemporaries (Lond. 1864), 

 and Lives by Morse (1876), Shea (1879), Henry 

 Cabot Lodge ('American Statesmen,' 1882), and 

 Sunnier ( 1890) ; Lodge has also edited Hamilton's 

 L'<nni>lete Works (9 vols. 1885). 



Hamilton, ANTHONY, COUNT, a cadet of 

 the Abercorn branch of the Scottish family of 

 Hamilton, was born in Ireland in 1646. At twenty- 

 one he went to France, and got a captain's com- 

 mission ; in 1685 he was captain of Limerick, and 

 fought at the Boyne ( 1690) ; thereafter he lived at 

 the court of St Germain -en-Laye, and there he 

 died, 6th August 1720. His writings are full of 

 wit and talent, particularly his Contes de Feerie 

 (3 vols. Paris, 1805; Eng. trans. 1849). For his 

 Memoires du Comte de Gramont, see GRAMONT. 



Hamilton* ELIZABETH, authoress, was born 

 of a Scottish family at Belfast in 1758, and, after 

 residing in various parts of Scotland and in Lon- 

 don, died at Edinburgh, 23d July 1816. Her 

 works comprise Letters of a Hindoo Rajah ( 1796) ; 

 M-iii-tira Of Modern Philosophers (1800); Letters 

 on Education (1802); Life of Agrippina (1804); 

 Letters on the Moral and Religious Principle 

 (1806); and the work by which she is best 

 known The Cottagers of Glenburnie (1808), a 

 singularly vivid and life-like representation of 

 humlile rural life in Scotland. 



Hamilton, EMMA, LADY, was born Amy Lyon 

 or ' Hart,' most likely at Ness, in Cheshire, and on 

 26th April 1703. Her girlhood was passed at 

 H awarded. She had had three places in London, 

 had l>orne two children to a navy captain and a 

 baronet, and had posed as Hygeia in a quack- 

 doctor's ' Temple of Health,' w-hen in 1782 she 

 accepted the protection of the Hon. Charles Greville 

 (1749-1809), to exchange it in 1786 for that of his 

 uncle, Sir William Hamilton (1730-1803). After 

 five years at Naples, in 1791 she was married at 

 Marylebone Church to her elderly ambassador, and, 

 returning to Italy, was straightway admitted to 

 the closest intimacy by Maria Caroline, the queen 

 of Ferdinand I. (q.v.). Her ' eminent services ' to 

 the British fleet during 1796-98 in furnishing infor- 

 mation and procuring supplies were extolled by 

 Nelson, vaunted by herself, as deserving of peerage 

 and pension ; but they were much overrated, 

 where, indeed, not purely imaginary. Nelson had 

 first met her in 1793 : and gradually Platonic friend- 

 ship ripened to guilty passion, until, four months 

 after the trio's return to England, she gave birth to 



a daughter (1801-81), 'our loved Hor.tti.i/BO Nelnon 

 writes of her in a holograph letter to ' my own dear 

 Wite, in my r\es and the face of Heaven.' Her 

 credulous husband's death, followed four yearn later 

 by Nelson's, left Emma mintn-HH of good 2000 a 

 year; but by 1808 she wan owing 1H,000, and in 

 1813 was arrested for debt. Next year she escaped 

 to Calais, where she died in penury, 15th January 

 1815. Her grave is obliterated ; but her loveliness 

 lives still in twenty-four jwrtraits by Komney, to 

 whom she was ever the ' divine lady.' 



See NELSON ; HAMILTON, SIR W. ; ROMNET ; the *pite- 

 ful Memoirs of Lady Hamiltt<n (1815; new ed. IH'.U i ; 

 Pa^et's 'vindication' in Paradoxes and Puztlet (1H74); 

 Jeaffrenon'a La/ly Hamilton and Lord Ntlton (1888); 

 and Hilda Gamlin's Emma Lady Hamilton ( 1891 ). 



Hamilton, JAMES, an English merchant, born 

 at London in 1769, who, having been taught Ger- 

 man at Hamburg in 1798 by an original method, 

 afterwards exchanged mercantile pursuits for the 

 teaching of languages, and taught with great suc- 

 cess in the United States (from 1815) and in Eng- 

 land (from 1823). He died at Dublin, 16th Septem- 

 ber 1829. Hamilton discarded grammar, using in 

 its stead a literal word for word translation, placed 

 immediately below the original, line for line alter- 

 nately. His own account of it is to be found in 

 The Principles, Practices, and Results of the llamil- 

 tonian System (Manchester, 1829). 



Hamilton, PATRICK, ' the protomartyr of the 

 Scottish Reformation,' was the son of Sir Patrick 

 Hamilton of Kincavel (Linlithgowshire) and 

 Stanehouse (Lanarkshire) and Catherine Stewart, 

 daughter of Alexander, Duke of Albany, second 

 son of James II. Both his parents were illegiti- 

 mate. The exact date and place of his birth are 

 unknown. Both are approximately settled, how- 

 ever, by the fact that he graduated as Master of 

 Arts in the university of Paris in 1520 the place 

 of his birth being noted as ' the diocese of Glas- 

 gow. ' As that degree could not be taken at Paris 

 before the age of twenty-one, we may conjecture 

 that Hamilton was born in the last years of the 

 15th century. It is also unknown where he received 

 the elements of his education. His university 

 studies seem to have been first conducted at Paris, 

 where, about the time of his residence, the opinions 

 of Luther were already beginning to attract atten- 

 tion. It may be considered^ the most decisive proof 

 that Hamilton was open to the best lights or the 

 time that on leaving Paris he proceeded to the 

 university of Louvain, where in 1517, under the 

 direction of Erasmus, a college was founded for the 

 study of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. The founda- 

 tion of such a college at so early a date in the 16th 

 century was a remarkable innovation in university 

 studies, and the students who availed themselves 

 of it were only such as were in ardent symjMithy 

 with the new intellectual and religious ideals of 

 the time. In 1523 we find Hamilton at the uni- 

 versity of St Andrews, where his sympathies with 

 Lui he'rani.. m soon brought him under tne suspicion 

 of the church authorities. To escape the fate 

 which afterwards overtook him he returned to the 

 Continent (1527). After a brief stay at Witten- 

 berg, where he probably saw Luther and Melanch- 

 thon, he settled for some months in Marburg, the 

 seat of a university lately founded in the interest 

 of the Reformed doctrines. At Marburg Hamilton 

 wrote (in Latin) the only production of his which 

 has come down to us a series of theological pro- 

 pnsitions known as 'Patrick's Places.' In these 

 propositions, the main doctrines of the Lutheran 

 reformers are stated with such boldness and pre- 

 cision that Knox has embodied them in his history 

 of the Reformation in Scotland. Hamilton returned 

 to Scotland in the autumn of 1527, and shortly after- 

 wards married. The next year he was summoned 



