534 



HAMLEY 



HAMMER-PURGSTALL 



Herrauthruda, who had killed all former suitors. 

 But the terrible queen herself falls in love with the 

 hero, whose final fate is to fall in battle with 

 Vikletus, the successor of Rb'rik. The interest of 

 the story for students of Shakespeare ends with 

 Saxo's third book, which brings it down to the 

 death of Fengo. 



The story of Hamlet was freely translated in the 

 fifth volume of Fran9ois de Belleforest's Histoires 

 Tragiques ( 1570), and a rough but literal English 

 translation of this exists in a single copy (once 

 Edward Capell's) in the library of Trinity College, 

 Cambridge, entitled The Hystorie of Hamblet 

 (London, 1608; reprinted in Collier's 'Shake- 

 speare Library,' 1841). Dr Latham in his Disserta- 

 tions on Hamlet (1872) contends that the hero in 

 Saxo's third book is a different personage from that 

 in the fourth, the former being identical with 

 Olaf Kyrre, the Anlaf Cwiran of the Saxon 

 Chronicle, and the Amlaf Cuaran of the Irish 

 Annals ; the latter, with the Hygelac of Beowulf, 

 and the Chocilaicus of Gregory of Tours. Zinzow, 

 Die Hamletsage (1877). For the whole question, 

 see Simrock's Quellen des Shakespeare (1870), 

 Moltke's Shakespeares Hamlet-Quelleii (1881), and 

 Hansen's Legend of Hamlet (Chicago, 1887). 



Hamley, SIR EDWARD BRUCE, K.C.B., lieu- 

 tenant-general, was born at Bodmin, 27th April 

 1824, served in the Crimea, was commandant of 

 the staff college in 1870-77, did delimitation work 

 on the Balkan and Armenian frontiers, and com- 

 manded the second division at Tel-el-Kebir in 1882 

 ( where Lord Wolseley and he fell out). In 1885-92 

 he was Conservative member for Birkenhead ; and he 

 died 14th August 1893. He wrote on the war in the 

 Crimea (3d ed. 1891 ) ; Wellington 's Career ( 1860) ; 

 The Operations of War (1866; 4th ed. 1878); and 

 Voltaire (1879); besides several clever novels, and 

 other works. See the Life by limes Shand (1895). 



I!. *i in I in. HANNIBAL, statesman, was born in 

 Paris, Maine, 27th August 1809, practised law 

 from 1833 to 1848, was speaker of the Maine house 

 of representatives in 1837-40, and was returned to 

 congress in 1842. He sat in the United States 

 seriate as a Democrat in 1848-57, when he was 

 elected governor by the Republicans, as opposing 

 the extension of slavery to new territories. He 

 was generally in the senate till his death, 4th July 

 1891 ; was vice-president under Lincoln, ambassador 

 to Spain, regent of the Smithsonian Institution, 

 and an LL.D. 



llailim, a town in Westphalia, on the Lippe, 25 

 miles NE. of Dortmund by rail, has large metal 

 industries, including iron-foundries, wire-works, 

 manufactories of machines, iron furniture, &c. 

 Pop. (1875) 18,904; (1890) 24,969. 



Hainmailiet, a port of Tunis, on its own gulf, 

 36 miles SE. of Tunis. Pop. 5000. 



Hammer, a tool for beating malleable ma- 

 terials into form or for driving nails, wedges, &c. 

 Often hammers are required of greater weight 

 thair a man can wield, and a great variety of power- 

 hammers, masses of iron raised by steam and 

 falling by gravity, are used. The helve or shingling 

 hammer, used for compressing the mass of iron 

 drawn from the puddling furnace, and the tilt- 

 hammer, used in the manufacture of shear-steel, 

 are important examples of such hammers. The 

 first is a heavy bar of cast iron about ten feet long, 

 weighing three or four tons and upwards, to which 

 is attached a head of wrought iron faced with steel, 

 weighing nearly half a ton more. It works upon 

 an axis at the end of the bar farthest from the 

 head, and is raised by cams attached to a heavy 

 wheel set in motion by steam or water power ; 

 these cams strike or ' lick ' a projection extending 



beyond the head, and thus raise it about 18 or 20 

 inches at the rate of from seventy to one hundred 

 times per minute. The tilt-hammer is similar, but 

 much lighter, and is adapted for striking above three 

 hundred blows per minute. In order to attain this 

 velocity a short ' tail ' extends with a downward 

 inclination beyond the axis, and the cams strike 

 this downwards, and thus lift the longer arm of the 

 lever to which the head is attached. These, when 

 worked by steam, are, of course, steam-hammers ; 

 but when the term steam-hammer is used without 

 qualification, it applies to another and more elab- 

 orate machine of very different construction. See 

 STEAM-HAMMER. 



Haminerfest, the most northern town of 

 Europe, is situated in 70 40' N. lat. and 23 30' 

 E. long. , on the island of Kvalo, in the Norwegian 

 province of Finmark. It is the rendezvous of the 

 fishing fleets of the Kara Sea and the waters along 

 the Spitzbergen coasts. It imports coal, salt, hemp, 

 flour, &c. in exchange for fish and fish-oil, with 

 some reindeer hides, eider-down, and fox-skins. 

 During the two summer months the sun is con- 

 tinually above the horizon. The winter is mild 

 enough to allow of the fisheries being carried on. 

 The town was burnt, 21st July 1890. Pop. 2289. 



Hammer-head, or HAMMER-HEADED SHARK 

 (Zyc/cena), a genus of fishes of the family of Sharks, 

 having the general form and characters of the family, 

 but distinguished from all other fishes by the un- 

 usual form of the head, which, resembling a double- 

 headed hammer laid flat, extends on both sides to 



Hammer-head (Zygcena malleus). 



a considerable length, carrying the eyes at the ends 

 of the lateral expansions. The crescent-shaped 

 mouth is below the centre of the head, the nostrils 

 are on the front edge of 

 the head, and the eyes 

 are covered by an eyelid 

 or nictitating membrane. 

 In young specimens the 

 hammer-headed shape is 

 not so well developed as 

 in adults. The hammer- 

 heads bring forth their 

 young alive. In one 

 female, nearly 11 feet 

 long, thirty-seven em- 

 bryos were found. There are five known species, 

 all of them being most abundant in the tropics. 

 Z. malleus, by far the most common form, occurs 

 in nearly all tropical and subtropical seas. In the 

 tropics specimens of this species ' may often be seen 

 ascending from the clear blue depths of the ocean 

 like a great cloud.' Some large ones, one over 13 

 feet long, have been taken on the British coasts. 



Hammer-Purgs tall, JOSEPH, FREIHERR VON, 

 orientalist, was born at Gratz, 9th July 1774, 

 studied at Vienna, and lived from 1799 to 1806 



Under side of the head, 

 showing mouth. 



