544 



HAN-HAI 



HANNIBAL 



Hail-liai, an ancient dried-up sea in central 

 Asia, now represented only by Lake Lob-nor ( q. v. ). 

 See ASIA, Vol. I. p. 486. 



Hankow (Han-k'au), a river-port of China, 

 in the province of Hu-pei, at the junction of the 

 Han River with the Yang-tsze, 600 miles W. 

 of Shanghai. Strictly speaking, Hankow is a 

 suburb of the towns of Wu-ehang and Han-yang, 

 the three together forming one huge city. Vessels 

 of large size can reach Hankow, the river being 

 navigable to the city of Ichang, 420 miles higher 

 up. Since 1862 Hankow has been open to foreign 

 trade. The principal article of export is tea, of 

 "which one-fourth to one-third out ot a total value 

 of two or three millions of pounds exported an- 

 nually is sent to London. Other articles of export 

 are silk, oil, vegetable tallow, tobacco, hides, nut- 

 galls, coal, musk, and wax. The chief imports are 

 opium, cotton, piece-goods, woollens, metals, sugar, 

 dible seaweed, sapanwood, 'llama' braid, dyes, 

 matches, kerosene oil, and needles. The annual 

 imports sometimes reach a value of over 6,000,000, 

 the exports of over 5,000,000. Of its large trade 

 with the provinces of the interior no statistics are 

 published. Since 1893 a great cotton mill with 700 

 looms works twenty-two hours daily, making yarn 

 and cloth from native cotton. In 1 889 a decree of the 

 emperor authorised the construction of a railway 

 from Hankow to Peking, 700 miles in length. 

 Before the Taiping rebellion the three cities had 

 a population of over 5,000,000 ; it is now about 

 1,700,000, Hankow having 750,000 of these. 



Hailley, a town of modern growth, in Stafford- 

 shire, in the district known as the Potteries 

 (q.v.), 18 miles N. of Stafford. It manufactures 

 china, earthenware, and encaustic tiles. In the 

 vicinity are coal and iron mines. Hanley was 

 constituted a municipal borough in 1857, and a 

 parliamentary borough, returning one member, 

 in 1885. Pop. ( 1851 ) 25,369 ; ( 1871 ) 39,976 ; ( 1881 ) 

 48,361; (1891) 54,846; of parliamentary borough 

 (including Burslem, q.v.), 86,845. 



II anna. WILLIAM, the biographer of Chalmers, 

 was born in 1808, the son of a theological professor 

 at Belfast. He was educated at the university of 

 Edinburgh, and was ordained in 1835 to the Lanark- 

 shire parish of East Kilbride. He came out at the 

 Disruption, and became in 1850 colleague to Dr 

 Guthrie in Free St John's Church, Edinburgh. He 

 was made D.D. by Edinburgh in 1864, and resigned 

 his church through ill-health in 1867, but survived 

 until 1882. He edited for some years the North 

 Jiritish Review, and published many theological 

 books, of which perhaps the best known is Our 

 Lord's Life on Earth ( 1869 ). Well-known works are 

 his Memoirs ofDr Chalmers, his father-in-law ( 4 vols. 

 1849-52 ; a fifth, his correspondence, 1853), and The 

 Letters of Thomas Erskine of Linlathen (1877-78). 



Haitnay, JAMES, critic and novelist, was born 

 at Dumfries, 17th February 1827. A few years of 

 boyhood were spent in the navy, from which he was 

 dismissed at eighteen by a court-martial sentence, 

 afterwards quashed as irregular. He early devoted 

 himself to a busy life of letters, finding a favourite 

 pastime in the study of genealogy, heraldry, the 

 classics, and 18th-century English literature. In 

 1860-64 he edited the Edinburgh Courant, and 

 was afterwards British consul at Barcelona, where 

 he died suddenly, 3d January 1873. Of his novels 

 the best are Singleton Fontenoy ( 1850) and Eustace 

 Conyers ( 1855). His Lectures on Satire and Satir- 

 ists (1854) and Essays from the Quarterly Review 

 ( 1861 ) show wide knowledge and fine literary sense, 

 often expressed in admirably terse and epigram- 

 matic English. Other works were Three Hundred 

 Years of a Norman House the Gurney family 

 (1866), and Studies on Thackeray ( 1869). 



Hannibal, a city of Missouri, on the Mississippi, 

 here crossed by an iron railroad bridge, 120 miles by 

 rail NNW. of St Louis. The centre of an import- 

 ant network of railways, it has an extensive trade 

 in lumber, flour, and cattle, and manufactories of 

 flour, tobacco, lime, and railroad cars. There are 

 coal-mines close by. Hannibal is the seat of a 

 Methodist college. Pop. (1900) 12,780. 



Hannibal ( ' the grace of Baal ;' cf. the Hanniel 

 of Scripture ) was the son of the great Carthaginian 

 general Hamilcar Barca (q.v.), and was born in 

 247 B.C. It is said that in his ninth year his father 

 led him to an altar and bade him swear eternal 

 enmity to Rome. From the age of nine to eighteen 

 he was trained in war and diplomacy under Hamil- 

 car in Spain ; and from his eighteenth to his twenty- 

 fifth year he was the chief agent in carrying out the 

 plans by which his brother-in-law, Hasdrubal, ex- 

 tended and consolidated the Carthaginian dominion 

 in the Peninsula. On the death of Hasdrubal in 

 221 B.C., the soldiers with one voice chose Hannibal, 

 then in his twenty-sixth year, as their general. 

 Forthwith he crossed the Tagus, and in two years 

 reduced all Spain up to the Ebro, with the excep- 

 tion of the Greek colony of Saguntmn. That town, 

 which claimed the protection of Rome, fell in 218 

 B.C., and the Second Punic war, or as the Romans 

 justly called it, 'the War of Hannibal,' began. 

 Garrisoning Libya with Spaniards, and Spain with 

 Libyans (a precaution against treachery ), Hannibal 

 set out on his march for Rome. In the summer of 

 218 B.C. he left New Carthage with 90,000 foot, 

 12,000 horse, and 37 elephants, crossed the Pyrenees, 

 and gained the Rhone, where his passage was barred 

 by a host of Gauls. The general thereupon sent 

 part of his troops two days' journey up-stream, with 

 orders to cross the Rhone and fall on the rear of the 

 barbarians. His orders were executed by Hanno, 

 and the passage of the river was safely effected. 

 He crossed the Alps in fifteen days, in the face of 

 obstacles which would have proved insuperable to 

 almost any other commander. His troops, reared 

 under African and Spanish suns, perished in thou- 

 sands amid ice and snow. The native tribes threat- 

 ened the annihilation of his force, and were only 

 dispersed by his matchless courage and address. 

 The beasts of burden fell over precipices or stuck 

 fast and were frozen to death. In places, rocks 

 had to be shattered and roads constructed to enable 

 the men to creep round projecting crags. When he 

 gained the valley of Aosta, Hannibal had but 20,000 

 foot and 6000 horse to attempt the conquest of a 

 power which had lately shown that she could put 

 an army of 170,000 unrivalled soldiers into the field. 

 After allowing his men to recruit in the villages 

 of the friendly Insubres, he overcame the Taurini, 

 besieging and taking Turin, and forced the Ligurian 

 and Celtic tribes on the Upper Po to serve in his 

 army. At the Ticinus, a stream which enters the 

 Po near Pavia, he encountered the Romans under 

 Scipio. The cavalry of both armies joined battle, 

 Hannibal's Numidian horse proved their superiority, 

 and Scipio fell back beyond the Po. The Cartha- 

 ginians crossed the river, and the first great battle 

 of the campaign was fought in the plain of the 

 Trebia. Placing Mago in ambush with 2000 men, 

 Hannibal enticed the Romans across the stream. 

 His light troops retired before the legionaries, and 

 as Scipio was pressing on to fancied victory he was 

 taken in flank by the terrible Numidian horse, Mago 

 came down in the rear, and the 40,000 men of the 

 consular army were either cut to pieces or scattered 

 in flight. Wintering in the valley of the Po, 

 in the early spring Hannibal crossed the Apen- 

 nines and pushed through a region of lakes, 

 flooded by the melting of the snows, to Fsesulre. 

 The beasts of burden perished in vast numbers 

 amid the morasses ; the Gauls, disheartened by 



