546 



HANNINGTON 



HANOVER 



Romans, he repaired to Prusias, king of Bithynia, 

 for whom he gained a naval victory over the king 

 of Pergamus. The Romans again "demanding that 

 he should be surrendered, he baffled his enemies by 

 taking poison, which, we are told, he carried about 

 with him in a ring, and died at Libyssa about the 

 year 183 B.C. 



In judging of the character and achievements of 

 Hannibal, it must never be forgotten that for all 

 that we know of him we are indebted to his im- 

 placable enemies. No Carthaginian record of that 

 astounding career has come down to us. The 

 Romans did all that unscrupulous malignity can 

 to blacken the fame and belittle the deeds of the 

 most terrible of their foes. Yet, though calumny 

 has done its bitterest against him, Hannibal not 

 only dazzles the imagination but takes captive 

 the heart. He stands out as the incarnation of 

 magnanimity and patriotism and self -sacrificing 

 heroism, no less than of incomparable military 

 genius. Napoleon, the only general who could 

 plausibly challenge the Carthaginian's supremacy, 

 had throughout the greater part of his career an 

 immense superiority to his adversaries in the 

 quality of the forces which he wielded. He had 

 the enthusiasm of the Revolution behind him, 

 and he was unhampered by authorities at home. 

 Hannibal, on the contrary, saw his plans thwarted 

 and finally wrecked by the sordid merchant-nobles 

 of the city he strove so hard to save. He had 

 not, like Alexander, to lead picked troops against 

 effeminate Asiatics. He had to mould his little 

 army out of raw and barbarous levies. He had 

 no reinforcements to fall back on. With a motley 

 army of Libyans, Gauls, and Spaniards he had to 

 encounter a nation in arms a nation of the 

 stoutest and most highly-trained warriors of ancient 

 times. There is not in all history so wonderful 

 an example of what a single man of genius may 

 achieve against the most tremendous odds as the 

 stoiy of the Phoenician hero the greatest captain 

 that the world has seen. See Bosworth Smith's 

 Carthage and the Carthaginians (1879); Henne- 

 bert's Histoire cFAnnibal (18/0-92) ; Dodge's Han- 

 nibal ( 1891 ) ; and works cited at CARTHAGE. 



HanilillgtOIl, JAMES, first Bishop of Eastern 

 Equatorial Africa, born 3d September 1847, at 

 Hurstpierpoint in Sussex, became a student of 

 St Mary Hall, Oxford, in 1868, and was ordained 

 in 1873. In 1882, after seven years' earnest labour 

 in his native parish, he volunteered for missionary 

 work in Africa, and was sent out by the Church 

 Missionary Society to reinforce their missionaries 

 in Uganda. But his health broke down when he 

 reached Kagei, on the south shore of Victoria 

 Nyanza, and he was obliged to return home to 

 England. His health improving, he was, on 24th 

 June 1884, consecrated Bishop of Eastern Equa- 

 torial Africa, and in the following January entered 

 his new diocese, taking up his quarters at Frere 

 ^own, near Mombasa. In July 1885 he started 

 once again for the interior, the object of his 

 journey being to reach the mission-station of 

 Rubaga, in Uganda. But, after successfully sur- 

 mounting the difficulties and dangers of the road 

 through the land of the Masai, he was slain by 

 order of Mwanga, king of Uganda, on 29th October 

 1885, at a place not far from the right bank of the 

 Nile. See his Life by Dawson (1887) and his Last 

 Journals (edited in 1888). 



llailllO. a name borne by a number of Cartha- 

 ginian admirals and soldiers, one of whom was 

 defeated by the Romans in the sea-fight of Ecno- 

 mus in 256 B.C. Another Hanno, surnamed the 

 Great, was the leader of the peace party who 

 opposed the patriotic party headed by Hamilcar 

 Barca, during the interval between the First and 



the Second Punic war. When the Carthaginian: 

 mercenaries revolted in 241 B.C. Hanno was 

 appointed to reduce them to submission. He 

 proved a thoroughly incapable general, and the 

 task in which he had failed was discharged by 

 Hamilcar Barca. 



I! a lino, a king or magistrate of Carthage who 

 undertook a celebrated voyage of discovery along 

 the west coast of Africa. His expedition is said ta 

 have consisted of sixty ships ; he founded numer- 

 ous colonies or trading-stations, and proceeded as- 

 far south as a point that has been variously identi- 

 fied with places between Cape Nun and the Bight 

 of Benin. On his return to Carthage he inscribed 

 an account of his voyage on a tablet, and placed it 

 in the temple of Moloch. It seems to have been 

 written in the Punic language ; the version of it 

 which remains, entitled the Periplus of Hanno, is 

 only a Greek translation. The date of the voyage 

 lias been assigned to different periods between 

 570 B.C. and 470 B.C., and the identification of the 

 author of it has been also a subject for dispute. 

 For a full discussion consult Dodwell's Dissertations, 

 prefixed to Hudson's Geog. Vet. Scriptores (1698); 

 Bougainville's, Vivien de St Martin's, and Tauxier's 

 Essays, Falconer's English translation (1797), and 

 Mer's Memoir e sur le f triple d'Hannoti ( 1885). 



Ha-noi, the capital of Tong-king, and head- 

 quarters of the French administration, on the left 

 bank of the Song-coi or Red River, 80 miles in a 

 direct line from the sea. The commercial city has 

 a river-front of a mile and a half ; the citadel be- 

 hind contains within its walls most of the official 

 buildings. Embroidery and work in mother-of- 

 pearl are the chief local industries. Pop. 100,000. 



Hanover (Ger. Hanno' ver], formerly a kingdom 

 of northern Germany, but since 1866 incorporated 

 with Prussia. Area of the Prussian province, 14,833 

 sq. in. , or nearly twice the size of Wales ; pop. 

 (1871)1,963,080; (1885)2,172,702; (1890)2,278,361, 

 mainly Lutherans, with 280,000 Catholics, and 

 16,000 Jews. Except in the south, where the 

 Harz Mountains (q.v. ) attain a maximum altitude 

 in Hanover of 3037 feet, the surface belongs to the 

 great north German plain, and is diversified by 

 moors and heaths, notably the extensive Liinelmrg 

 Heath. It is watered by the Elbe, Weser, Ems, 

 and their tributaries. The people carry on mining" 

 in the Harz, cattle-breeding on the marshes and 

 heaths, agriculture in the more fertile regions, and 

 seafaring pursuits on the coast. The weaving of 

 linen, cloth, and cotton, the working of iron and 

 other metals, glass, paper, and pottery making, 

 and bleaching, count amongst the more important 

 industries. The mining products are very various, 

 and include iron, silver, zinc, lead, copper, coal, 

 salt, petroleum, and turf. Bees are kept in the 

 Liineburg Heath ; Norderney and Borkum ( islands } 

 are much frequented as seaside resorts. Gottingen 

 is the seat of a university, and the capital is 

 Hanover (q.v.). See also PRUSSIA, GERMANY. 



The people of the north-eastern and central pro- 

 vinces are mostly Saxons ; those on the coast are 

 of Frisian origin ; those on the west of the Ems, 

 Dutch ; and those in the southern provinces, Thur- 

 ingians and Franconians. Platt-Deutsch, or Low 

 German, is commonly spoken in the rural districts ; 

 but High German is the language of the educated 

 and higher classes, and is spoken with more purity 

 than in any other part of the empire. 



History. Hanover was occupied in remote ages 

 by Saxon tribes, who, after an obstinate resistance, 

 submitted to Charlemagne and embraced Chris- 

 tianity. In the time of Louis the German it was 

 incorporated in the duchy of Saxony. In 951 the 

 Emperor Otho I. bestowed it on Hermann Billing ; 

 on the extinction of his family in 1106 it fell to 



