550 



HANSI 



HAPSBURG 



the league of its most efficient raison d'etre. Finally 

 the Thirty Years' War occasioned an entire derange- 

 ment, and even at times cessation, of all trade 

 relations, a state of things from the evils of which 

 the members of the league never were able to 

 recover. From 1628 onwards the only cities which 

 made any real endeavours to revive the once 

 powerful association were Liibeck, Hamburg, and 

 Bremen. But the resuscitated league, even after 

 its confirmation by the treaty of Vienna in 1815 V 

 was more a thing of name than of reality ; and 

 in the 19th century Hanseatic cities was not so 

 much the collective title of a combination of towns 

 for trading purposes, as a common name for the 

 independent republican municipal states of Ham- 

 burg, Bremen, and Liibeck. In 1870 each of these 

 was made an integral part of the German empire, 

 and by 1889 all had joined the German imperial 

 customs union. 



The administration of the affairs of the league 

 was in the hands of deputies representing the 

 constituent towns of the confederation, who met 

 together at least once in every three years, though 

 as a general rule every year, at one of the towns 

 of the league, usually at Liibeck, at which town 

 the archives of the Hansa were always preserved. 

 These assemblies represented the political corpora- 

 tion of the Hanseatic cities ; they determined the 

 amount of the duties to be levied on imported and 

 exported goods, fixed the amount of the periodical 

 contributions to be paid by the several towns to 

 the common treasury of the league, decided all 

 questions of peace and war, settled all internal 

 quarrels between the members of the league, and 

 punished disobedient or offending towns by fine, 

 or, in the last instance, by exclusion from the 

 Hansa, called 'unhansing.' As it was always the 

 practice for towns to join the confederation and 

 withdraw from it at their own will, it is not possible 

 to state the precise number of towns which con- 

 stituted the league. The war against Waldemar of 

 Denmark, which took place when the Hansa was 

 at the summit of its power, was waged by at least 

 seventy-seven cities, though probably the league 

 embraced more than these. See histories of the 

 league by Sartorius (1802-8), Lappenberg (1851), 

 Barthold (1862), and Helen Zimmern (in English, 

 1889) ; also the Hanse-Recesse, or official proceedings 

 of the assemblies ( 1873 et seq.). 



IBaiisi. a town of the district of Hissar, in the 



B-ovince of the Punjab, about 80 miles NW. of 

 elhi, was a British cantonment from 1802 down 

 to the Mutiny ( 1857). Pop. 12,656. 



Hansom. See CABS. 



Hansteeil, CHRISTOPH, a Norwegian astrono- 

 mer, was born at Christiania, 26th September 1784. 

 In 1814 he was appointed to the chair of Mathe- 

 matics in the university of Christiania, and there, 

 in 1819, published his famous work, Investigations 

 'into Terrestrial Magnetism, the methods of observa- 

 tion described in which have been generally fol- 

 lowed since, and which he himself applied in the 

 course of a journey to the east of Siberia in 1828-30. 

 The scientific results of this journey were published 

 in 1863. In 1821 he discovered the ' law of magnetic 

 force' (see MAGNETISM). It was chiefly by his 

 initiative that the astronomical and magnetic 

 observatories at Christiania were founded. He was 

 also professor of Mathematics in the School of 

 Artillery, superintendent of the triangulation of 

 Norway, and reorganiser of the national system of 

 weights and measures. He died at Christiania, 

 llth April 1873, He published lectures on astron- 

 omy, a work on mechanics, another on geometry, 

 several on terrestrial magnetism, and numerous 

 memoirs, of which the greater part are inserted in 

 the Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne. 



llaillllliail is the name of a fabulous monkey, 

 who plays a great r61e in the legendary history of 

 the second or classical period of Hindu mythology. 

 He is represented there as the strenuous friend and 

 ally of Vishnu, when the latter, in his incarnation 

 as Rama, made his expedition to Ceylon, in order 

 to recover his wife Sita, carried off by the giant 

 Havana. In the war between Rama and Havana, 

 Hanuman, on one occasion, is related to have 

 bridged over the ocean between the continent of 

 India and Ceylon with rocks of a prodigious size, 

 which he and his friends threw into the sea. See 

 ENTELLUS MONKEY, VISHNU. 



Hamvuy, JONAS, an eccentric English traveller 

 and philanthropist, born at Portsmouth in 1712. 

 Apprenticed at seventeen to a Lisbon merchant, he 

 afterwards traded at St Petersburg, and in the 

 September of 1743 left that city on an adventurous 

 journey through Russia and Persia, returning in 

 the July of 1750. He published an account of his 

 travels in 1753, and spent the rest of his life mostly 

 in London as one of the commissioners for victual- 

 ling the navy from 1762 to 1783. He was an un- 

 wearying friend to chimney-sweeps, parish infants, 

 and unfortunates, and advocated with earnestness 

 solitary confinement for prisoners, and a milder 

 system of punishment generally. Further, he 

 deserves grateful remembrance for having written 

 down the giving of vails, and as the first English- 

 man to carry, an umbrella at home in spite of the 

 interested insolence of the hackney-coachmen. His 

 attack on tea-drinking was less successful, but 

 here he had the honour to be opposed by Dr John- 

 son, who for once replied to an attack by answering 

 Hauway's angry answer to his review of his Essay 

 on Tea. Elsewhere Johnson said that ' Jonas 

 acquired some reputation by travelling abroad, but 

 lost it all by travelling at home.' He died Sep- 

 tember 5, 1786. See Pugh's Remarkable Occur- 

 rences in the Life of Jonas Hanway ( 1787 ). 



Hanwell Asylum, the lunatic asylum for the 

 county of Middlesex, is situated, not in the parish 

 of Hanwell, but in the adjoining parish of Nor- 

 wood, 7i miles W. of Paddington Station, London. 

 It was originally founded in 1831, and now gives 

 shelter to about 1800 patients. 



Han-yang. See HANKOW. 



II apai anda. a town in the Swedish province 

 of Norrbotten, 1 mile from the mouth of the river 

 Tornea, and opposite the Finnish town of Tornea 

 ( q. v. ). It is the commercial outlet for the northern- 

 most province of Sweden, and possesses a meteoro- 

 logical station. Pop. 1150. 



Hap'lodon (lit. 'simple toothed'), a terrestrial 

 rodent peculiar enough to be formed into a family 

 by itself, and regarded as a connecting-link be- 

 tween beavers and squirrels. It is represented by a 

 single species (H. rufus), restricted to 'a small 

 area on the west coast of North America, in Wash- 

 ington and Oregon territories, and a portion of 

 California.' The aborigines called it 'ShowtT or 

 'Sewellel,' the trappers the 'Boomer' or 'Moun- 

 tain Beaver.' The animal is plump, with broad 

 head, short limbs, and hardly any tail ; measures 

 about a foot in length ; and has a brownish colour. 

 It lives socially in colonies, burrows underground, 

 and lives on vegetable matter. As a connecting- 

 link Haplodon is of much interest to naturalists, 

 while the Indians use its skin and probably also its 

 flesh. 



Hapsburg, or HABSBURG, HOUSE or, of 

 which the imperial family of Austria are the repre- 

 sentatives, derived its name from the castle of 

 Habsburg, or Habichtsburg (Hawk's Castle), on 

 the Aar, in the Swiss canton of Aargau. The 

 castle was built by Werner, Bishop of Strasburg 



