554 



HARBOUR GRACE 



HARDENBERG 



experienced in keeping the entrance free from 

 sand, the old sluicing basin being found quite 

 inadequate for the purpose on account of its dis- 

 tance from the entrance. The large basin con- 

 structed has proved more effective, enabling much 

 larger steamers now to be put upon the passage. 



Rendel's plan of depositing rubble from open 

 stages of pile-work is frequently used in the 

 construction of deep-water piers. 



The cross-sectional form of breakwaters depends 

 naturally on the depth of water, exposure, and the 

 materials that can be most easily obtained. The 

 system of bringing up a rubble mound to within 12 

 or 18 feet of low- water level, and then forming a 

 masonry wall on this base, was adopted at Portland, 

 Alderney, Wick, Holyhead, and other places ; while 

 at Dover and Aberdeen the wall with a slight 

 batter has been brought up from the bottom. The 

 introduction of Portland cement concrete in com- 

 paratively recent times, as described in the article 

 BREAKWATER (Vol. II. p. 415), has greatly facili- 

 tated the work of the harbour engineer. 



The commercial value' of a harbour increases, 

 according to Stevenson, not simply as the depth 

 of the water is increased, but as the cube of the 

 depth. Hence the great expense which is willingly 

 incurred for securing even a foot or two of additional 

 depth. The greatest achievement in deepening is 

 at the Tyne, where Ure dredged out the channel 

 to 20 feet at low- water all the way up to New- 

 castle. In 1889-95 Messrs Stevenson of Edinburgh 

 deepened the lower readies of the Clyde to 23 

 feet at low-water spring tides. Scouring is also 

 employed for increasing the depth, as by Sir W. 

 Cubitt at Cardiff, where 2500 tons of water a 

 minute are let off. Rendel's scheme for Birken- 

 head was based simply on the quantity liberated 

 and the sectional area of the channel, and was 

 therefore operative for any distance, and did not 

 depend on the propelling head, or on the direc- 

 tion in which the water left the sluices, which con- 

 ditions regulate ordinary scouring on the small 

 scale, and which is efficacious for only short 

 distances from the outlet. Docks ( q. v. ) of various 

 kinds are connected with harbours. 



Pine timber is admirably adapted for soft soils, 

 when the exposure is not great, but, owing to the 

 ravages of the Teredo navalis and Limnoria terebrans 

 in localities where there is no admixture of fresh 

 water, it is soon destroyed. Green heart, African 

 oak, and bullet-tree are little affected by the worm, 

 as shown by experiments made in 1814 at the Bell 

 Rock by Robert Stevenson. Even limestone and 

 sandstone are perforated by the Pholades and 

 Saxicavae. Metals also suffer from chemical action 

 when immersed in salt water. George Rennie's 

 experiments showed that wrought iron resists this 

 action better than cast in the ratio of 8 to 1 ; while 

 Mallet's experiments show that from T Vth to i^ths 

 of an inch in depth of castings 1 inch thick, and 

 about T 6 T)ths of wrought iron, will be destroyed in 

 a century in clean salt water. A cannon-ball 4^ 

 inches in diameter became oxidised to the extent 

 of f ths of an inch in the century. 



See BREAKWATER, DOCKS, COALING STATIONS, and the 

 articles on CALAIS, CHERBOURG, DOVER, HAVRE, HOLT- 

 HEAD, PETERHEAD, PLYMOUTH, PORTLAND, &c. ; also 

 Sir John Rennie's book on Harbours (4 vols. 1851- 

 54) ; Thomas Stevenson, Design and Construction of 

 Harbours (3d ed. 1886); L. F. Vernon Harcourt, 

 Harbours and Docks ( 2 vols. 1885 ) ; and the Minutes of 

 Institution of Civil Engineers, passim. 



Harbour Grace, a port of entry and the 

 second town of Newfoundland, on the west side 

 of Conception Bay, 84 miles by rail WNW. of St 

 John's, has a large but somewhat exposed harbour, 

 with a revolving light, and carries on a consider- 

 able trade. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic 



bishop, and contains a Catholic cathedral and 

 convent. Pop. 7054. 



Harburg, a seaport of Prussia, in the province 

 of Liineburg, is situated 5 miles S. of Hamburg, 

 on the Elbe. Its industries include gutta-percha 

 goods, palm-oil, cotton-seed oil, saltpetre and 

 other chemicals, artificial manure, walking- sticks, 

 leather, mineral water, machines, beer, and jute. 

 Since the deepening of the Elbe the commerce of 

 Harburg has greatly increased. It is a place of 

 holiday resort for the Hamburgers. Pop. (1875) 

 17,131; (1885)22,344. 



Harcourt, SIR WILLIAM VERNON, the second 

 son of the late Rev. William Vernon Harcourt 

 of Nuneham Park, Oxfordshire, and grandson of a 

 former Archbishop of York, was born October 14, 

 1827, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 

 where he graduated with high honours in 1851. He 

 was called to the bar in 1854, went the Home 

 Circuit, and was made a Queen's Counsel in 1866. 

 It was during this period that he acquired distinc- 

 tion by his contributions to the Saturday Review, 

 and his letters in the Times under the signature 

 of ' Historicus. ' After unsuccessfully contesting 

 the Kirkcaldy burghs, he was returned to parlia- 

 ment for the city of Oxford as a Liberal in 1868. 

 The following year he was elected professor of Inter- 

 national Law in the university of Cambridge. He 

 took an independent tone in the House of Com- 

 mons, sometimes attacking both friends and foes. 

 But the undoubted mark which he made by his 

 abilities and oratory caused him to be appointed 

 solicitor-general in November 1873, when he re- 

 ceived the honour of knighthood. He held office 

 until Mr Gladstone's retirement in February 1874, 

 and when that statesman returned to power in 

 J880 he was appointed Home Secretary. On 

 seeking re-election at Oxford, however, he was 

 defeated, but was almost immediately returned 

 for Derby upon the opportune retirement of Mr 

 Plimsoll. During the session of 1880 Sir William 

 piloted the Ground Game Bill through the House 

 of Commons, and in 1881 he introduced the Arms 

 Bill (Ireland) in a speech which was strongly 

 resented by the Irish members. He brought in the 

 Prevention of Crimes Bill (1882) and the Explosives 

 Bill of 1883, which dealt summarily with dynamite 

 outrages. He next made an abortive attempt to 

 grapple with the municipality of London. The 

 ministerial policy in the Soudan he defended with 

 much skill on various occasions. In 1885 Sir 

 William went out of office with his chief, but 

 returned with him on the advent of the Liberals 

 to power for six months in 1886, when he was 

 appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer an office 

 he resumed in Mr Gladstone's Home Rule cabinet 

 of 1892. The letters of ' Historicus ' were published 

 in volume form in 1863. A vigorous debater, Sir 

 William Harcourt was a strong supporter of Irish 

 Home Rule. 



Har danger Fjord. See NORWAY, p. 529. 



Hardenberg, HEINRICH VON. See NOVALIS. 



Hardenberg, KAKL AUGUST, PRINCE VON, 

 a Prussian statesman, was born at Essenroda, in 

 Hanover, May 31, 1750. After labouring for twelve 

 years (1770-82) in the service of Hanover and 

 eight in the service of Brunswick, Hardenberg 

 chanced to attract the attention of Frederick- 

 William II. of Prussia. On his recommendation 

 he was nominated administrator of the principality 

 of Ansbach and Baireuth, and after the union of 

 this latter to Prussia in 1791 was appointed a 

 Prussian minister of state and a member of the 

 cabinet ministry. In this capacity his chief work 

 was the negotiation of peace between Prussia 

 and the French Republic at Basel in 1795. On 

 the accession of Frederick- William III. in 1797, 



