ii \I;M. I:\VI.JK 



IIAIIDU Ali 



000 



:.-nl.erg wan entrusted with tin- manag. int-iit of 

 iiii|'..it.uil l.nun-lif, i.l mt-i nal atlair*, UIIil ill 1803 

 became lir-t Prussian minister. Tin- principal nini 

 of liis |olicv was lo pre.sene neutrality in tin- war 



-MI France iiml England ; but in l.H(Hi, when 



in \\a- coerced I iv Napoleon into becoming 

 his ally, Hardening was dismissed. In 1810, how- 

 lie was appointed chancellor of state in suc- 

 cession to St. -in (<|.v.); and although Prussia was 

 at this period in a deplorable condition, humbled 

 in tin- very dust l>efore France, Hardenl>erg ad- 



I himself to the task of completing the 

 internal reforms begun by his predecessor. In the 

 \\.ii oi' lilieraiion lie took a prominent part, and 

 saw his ell'orts crowned by tlie treaty of Paris, June 

 Ml. Siimi after he was raised to the rank of 

 prince. He accompanied the allied sovereigns to 

 London, took part in the proceedings of the con- 

 gress at Vienna, and in the treaties or Paris ( 1815). 

 In 1817 he reorganised the council of state, of 

 which he wius appointed president. He was also 

 present at the congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle, Carls- 

 liail, Vienna. Lauliach, and Verona ; and drew up 



I lie new Prussian system of imposts. During a 

 tniir through the north of Italy he was taken ill at 

 I'avia, and died at Genoa, 26th November 1822. 

 To llardenberg Prussia is mainly indebted for the 

 improvements in her army system, the abolition of 

 serfdom, of the privileges of the nobles, and of a 

 multitude of trade corporations, the encourage- 

 ment of municipal institutions, and the reform of 

 her educational system. Yet in his later years 

 he was unable to overcome the reactionary tend- 

 encies of the king ; all he could do was to moderate 

 them and prevent them running to excess. See 

 Kanke's Denkwiirdigkeiten des Fursten von Harden- 

 berg (5 vols. 1877), which includes Hardenberg's 

 own memoirs. 



Harderwijk, a fishing-town of the Nether- 

 lands, on the south-east shore of the Zuider 

 .Zee, 31 miles NE. of Utrecht by rail. From 1648 

 to 1811 it was the seat of a university. It is now 

 a depot for recruits for the Dutch East Indian army. 

 Poi i. 7339. 



Hardhead. See MENHADEN. 



Hardicailllte, king of England, son of Canute 

 the Great by Emma oi Normandy, the widow of 

 Ethel red II. At the time of his father's death 

 {1035) Hardicanute was in Denmark, and the 

 throne of England was given by the witenagemot 

 to Harold, his younger brother ; Wessex, however, 

 was reserved for the absent prince, whose claims 



I 1 t he kingdom were upheld by Godwin and Emma. 

 On the death of Harold in 1040 Hardicanute was 

 elected king in his place ; but he only reigned two 

 years, dying of apoplexy in 1042. Yet in that short 

 time he provoked the discontent of his subjects by 

 the imposition of a very heavy dane</e/</. 



Harding, STEPHEN, the third abbot of the 

 celebrated monastery of Ctteaux, an Englishman 

 by birth, Who endeavoured to restore the Benedic- 

 tine rule to its original simplicity. He died in 1134. 

 See CISTKRCIANS. 



Hardinge, HENRY HARDINGE, VISCOUNT, 

 British general and governor-general of India, was 

 liorn at Wrotham, in Kent, 30th March 178"). 

 Gazetted an ensign in 1798, he served all through 

 the Peninsular war, fighting in most of its battles. 

 being wounded at Vimiera and Vittoria, and taking 

 a decisive part in the sanguinary contest at Albuera. 

 From 1809 to 1813 he was also attached to the 

 Portuguese army as a deputy-quartermaster-general. 

 On the renewal of hostilities after Napoleon's escape 

 from Elba, Hardinge hastened to join Wellington, 

 who appointed him commissioner at the Prussian 

 headquarters. In consequence of a severe wound 

 received at Ligny he was unable to take part in 



the battle of Waterloo. From 1820 to 1844 he took 

 an active share in parliamentary life, holding the 

 office of Secretary of War under Wellington in 

 1828, and afterwards the chief secretaryship of 

 Ireland under the same duke first and then under 

 Peel. In 1844 he was appointed governor general 

 of India. It was during his tenure of office that 

 the first Sikh war broke out. Governor-general 

 Hardinge was present at the battles of Mudki, 

 Firo/shah, and Sobraon as second in command 

 to Lord Gough. After the peace of Lahore ( 184'*) 

 he was created a viscount, and granted a pen-ion 

 of 5000 by the East India Company as well an 

 one of 3000 for three lives by parliament. Four 

 years after his return to England he succeeded 

 (1852) Wellington as commander-in-chief of the 

 British army. In 1855 he was made field-marshal. 

 In July of the following jear he resigned the 

 office of commander-in-chief, and on the 24th of 

 September 1856 died at South Park, near Tunbridge. 

 See the monograph by his son ( 1891 ). 



Hard Labour. See PRISONS. 



Hardness* SCALE OF. The hardness of a sub- 

 stance may be measured by many methods, and 

 the order in which given substances would be 

 classed as to hardness depends altogether upon 

 the particular method used. Mineralogists classify 

 substances according to their power of scratch- 

 ing others. By carrying a selected set of small 

 specimens of certain minerals, they can at once 

 find out the relative hardness of two unknown 

 specimens which resemble each other so closely as 

 to be otherwise undistinguishable at the time 

 unless more elaborate chemical tests be resorted to. 

 See MINERALOGY. 



Hardoilin, JEAN, an eccentric classical scholar, 

 was born in 1646, at Quimper, in Brittany, entered 

 the Jesuit order at the age of twenty, and from 1683 

 filled the post of librarian of the college of Louis le 

 Grand in Paris. In a spirit of eccentric scepticism, 

 Hardouin maintained that the entire body of classi- 

 cal literature, with the exception of Cicero s writings, 

 Pliny's Natural History, \ irgil's Georgia, Horace's 

 Satires and Epistles, Homer's Iliad, and Herodotus's 

 History, was spurious, and had been written by the 

 monks of the 13th century. He also rejected all 

 the reputed remains of ancient art, together with 

 the inscriptions and coins which are attributed to 

 classical times ; nay, he even extended his scepti- 

 cism to the Septuagint version of the Old Testa- 

 ment, and to the Greek text of the New, the 

 original language of which he held to have been 

 Latin ! Besides this, he condemned as apocryphal 

 all councils of the church anterior to the Council of 

 Trent. Yet, with all this extravagance, Hardouin 

 was a scholar of real attainments, and most of his 

 works possess historical and critical value, par- 

 ticularly his edition of Pliny (5 vols. 4to, Paris, 

 1689). Of his remaining works, the most valuable 

 is the Collectio Conciliorum (12 vols. folio, Paris, 

 1715); a commentary on the New Testament, in 

 folio ; and several volumes on numismatics and 

 chronology. He died at Paris, September 3, 1729. 



Hard war (Ifari-du'dra, 'Vishnu's gate'), per- 

 haps the most famous spot on the Ganges, stands 

 on the right or west Iwink of the river, at the jM>int 

 where it emerges from the sub-Himalaya into the 



S'ains of Hindustan, 39 miles NE. of aharunpur, 

 orth-west Provinces. From its position on the 

 sacred stream, it attracts immense numbers of 

 pilgrims for the purposes of ablution. The orthodox 

 season comprises the end of March and the begin- 

 ning of Apnl a great fair at the same time engraft- 

 ing commerce on religion. In ordinary years the 

 attendance is about 100,000; but even- twelfth 

 year (as in 1882, 1894, &c.) a peculiarly sacred 

 feast takes place, attended by perhaps 300,000 



