558 



HARE 



HAREM 



and educated at Winchester and New College, 

 Oxford, where he became a Fellow in due course. 

 He was appointed in 1829 to the retired living 

 of Alton Barnes, in Wiltshire, married in 1829 

 the gifted Maria Leycester (1798-1870), and died 

 prematurely at Rome in 1834. Besides his share 

 in the Guesses at Truth, he left fifty-six sermons 

 to be published in two volumes in 1837. AUGUS- 

 TUS JOHN CUTHBERT HARE, nephew of the two 

 preceding, was born at Rome in 1834, and was 

 educated at Harrow and at University College. Ox-, 

 ford. He has written a series of good descriptive 

 books revealing fine artistic taste and wide know- 

 ledge of history and antiquities. Amongst these 

 are Walks in Rome ( 1871 ), Wanderings in Spain 

 (1873), Days near Rome (1875), Cities of Northern 

 and Central Italy (1876), Walks in London (1878 ; 

 new ed. 1894), Cities of Southern Italy and Sicily 

 (1883), Holland and Scandinavia (1885), Studies 

 in Russia (1885), Paris and Days near Paris 

 (1887), South-Eastern France and South- Western 

 France ( 1890 ), Sussex ( 1894 ), &c. Other works are 

 his delightful biography of Maria Hare, Memorials 

 of a Quiet Life (1872-76); the Life and Letters of 

 Baroness Bunsen (1879), Two Noble Lives (1893), 

 and The Gurneys of Earlham (1895). See his 

 autobiography (1896). 



Hare* ROBERT, scientist, was born in Phila- 

 delphia, 17th January 1781, and filled the chair of 

 Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania there 

 from 1818 to 1847. He died 15th May 1858. In 

 1801 Hare described his discovery of the oxy- 

 hydrogen blowpipe (see BLOWPIPE). In 1816 

 he invented the galvanic calorimotor. He also 

 devised improved forms of the voltaic pile. In 

 his later years he lectured on spiritualism and 



fublislied "Spiritualism scientifically demonstrated 

 New York, 1855). 

 Hare and Hounds. See ATHLETIC SPORTS. 



Harebell* or BLUEBELL ( Campanula rotundi- 

 folia ), the most 

 common of the 

 British species of 

 Bellflower ( see 

 CAMPANULA), 

 growing in dry 

 and hilly pastures, 

 on waysides, &c., 

 is found in most 

 parts of Europe. 

 It is a perennial 

 plant, with a 

 slender stem 6 to 

 14 inches high, 

 bearing a loose 

 raceme of a few 

 drooping flowers, 

 on very slender 

 stalks; the 

 flowers, generally 

 i bright blue, but 

 sometimes white, 

 bell-shaped, and 

 about half an inch 

 . long, appear in 

 'summer an d 

 autumn. The 

 juice of the flowers yields a fine blue colour, and 

 may be used as ink. 



Hareld (Harelda), a genus of the duck family 

 (Anatidse, see DUCK), having a short thick bill, 

 and two feathers of the middle of the tail, in the 

 males, greatly elongated. Two species are known ; 

 the best known, the Long-tailed Duck or Hareld 

 (H. glacialis), inhabits the arctic regions both of 

 the Old and New Worlds, its winter migrations in 

 America extending as far south as the Carolinas. 



Harebell ( Campanula rotundifolia) : 

 a, lower stem-leaves. 



Harelip is the name applied (from its re- 

 semblance to the lip of the hare) to a congenital 

 notch or cleft in the upper human lip, due to imper- 

 fect union at an early stage of development of the 

 processes whose formation and fusion separate the 

 mouth from the cavity of the nose. The cleft is 

 not in the middle line, however, as in the hare ; 

 but a little to one side (single harelip), or there are 

 two clefts, one on each side (double harelip). This- 

 deformity, especially when double, is often associ- 

 ated with a similar defect in the roof of the mouth 

 ( cleft palate ). The cause of these arrests of 

 development is quite unknown. Harelip is not at 

 all dangerous, but very unsightly. It can be 

 remedied by a surgical operation, which most 

 surgeons prefer to perform during infancy. 



Harem (Arab. El-Harim, 'the inviolable') is- 

 that part of a polygamist's house which is set apart 

 for the use of his wives and their attendants ; it 

 also denotes this collective body of women. In all 

 Mohammedan countries it is customary for wealthy 

 men to keep a harem ; for, though four is the 

 number of wives to which the faithful are restricted 

 by the Koran, there is no limit to the number of 

 concubines a man may have except his ability to 

 maintain them. The mention of a harem naturally 

 suggests to most people the female portion of the 

 royal households of Turkey and Persia and Egypt. 

 In the sultan's harem each wife he alone may 

 have seven has a separate suite of apartments and 

 a separate troop of female slaves to wait upon her 

 and do her bidding. All the female slaves or 

 odalisques throughout the harem are, however, at 

 the disposal of their royal master. She who first 

 gives birth to an heir, whether wife or slave, is 

 instantly promoted to the rank of chief wife. The 

 title sultana is borne, not by the sultan's wives, 

 but by his mother, sisters, and daughters. The 

 real ruler of the harem is the sultan's mother, but 

 under her is the lady-superintendent of the harem, 

 usually an old and trusted favourite of the sultan. 

 The duties of guarding the harem or seraglio ( Ital. 

 from Latin sera, ' a bar ; ' cf. Turkish and Persian 

 serai or saray), as it is sometimes called, are 

 entrusted to a small army of eunuchs, the chief 

 officer of whom generally enjoys considerable polit- 

 ical influence. The inmates of the harem lead a 

 very secluded life. They are not allowed to be 

 seen by men, except their nearest relatives, as 

 father and brother. Their principal occupations are 

 needlework, spinning, and embroidery, which are 

 relieved by the ' cult ' of the toilette, and such 

 amusements as dancing, singing, and games. On 

 the death of the sultan those women who have 

 borne daughters to him are at liberty to leave the 

 harem and marry again ; the mothers of princes are 

 transferred to the 'old seraglio,' and kept there 

 until they die. In the harems of the great men 

 of Turkey and Egypt a good deal of modern Euro- 

 pean luxury has been introduced of late years, 

 arid the ladies now dress themselves in accordance 

 with fashions derived from Paris or London. 



The institution is not, however, confined to 

 Mohammedan countries, but flourishes also, or did 

 flourish, in some form or other, amongst the Jews, 

 Babylonians, ancient Persians, Siamese, &c. In. 

 Bangkok, the capital of Siam, the harem of the 

 king forms a walled city within the larger city, so 

 extensive is it. 



The holy cities of Mecca and Medina are to- 

 gether called the harems or the sacred places, and 

 the sacred mosque at Mecca is designated the 

 mesjid el-harim or ' the inviolable mosque.' 



During the 18th and 19th centuries the interiors 

 of oriental harems have been entered and the lives 

 of their inmates studied by several European and 

 American ladies, as those of Constantinople by 

 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in 1716; those of 



