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HARIRI 



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Cairo and Damascus l.\ Harriet Martineau in 1847; 

 tluit ni the Khedive at Cairo l>\ two ladies of Mr 

 \N'. II. Se\\anlN American paitv in 1*71 gome in 

 'I'm key l>y another American lady, Mrs Caroline 

 I'aine; and the royal harem at Bangkok by yet 

 another lady from the United States, Mrs Leon- 

 u\\cns. For harems in India, see ZENANA. 



Hurr's-oar i /''///////), a genus of plants of 

 tli.- order I'mbdlifcrie, having compound nmliels 

 of yellow (lowers, and generally simple leaves. 

 The !e:ives of the most common British species, 

 11. rotundifolium, are perfoliate. This plant, 

 which grow* in cornfields in the chalk districts, 

 is the T/Kirniii/h-wax of the old herbalists. The 

 specie- nf Mare's ear are numerous, and are natives 

 of temperate climates in most parts of the world. 



llurflnir (called in the middle ages Hare/lot), 

 a town in the French department of Seine- 

 Inferieiire, is situated on the estuary of the 

 Seine, 4 miles E. of Havre. Formerly Harfleur 

 was an important seaport and maritime fortress, 

 Init the rise of Havre, coupled with the sanding up 

 of its harbour, led to its decay. Pop. 2317. It 

 was taken after a six weeks' siege by the English 

 under Henry V. in 1415, and during the next 

 twenty live years changed hands three times. It 

 was pillaged by the Huguenots in 1562. 



Hargraves EDMUND HAMMOND, the dis- 

 ci > \erer of the goldfields of Australia, was born at 

 Gosport, in England, in 1815. When eighteen 

 yars of age he settled in Australia. Attracted to 

 California in 1849, he there tried his luck as a gold- 

 digger, and whilst so engaged was greatly struck 

 by the similarity in the geological formation of 

 California and Australia, and suspected that gold 

 would be found in the latter. On his return home 

 he proved the correctness of his surmise by dis- 

 covering gold on the western slopes of the Blue 

 Hills in New South Wales in 1851. He was 

 appointed commissioner of crown-lands, and re- 

 ceived from the government of New South Wales 

 a reward of 10,000. In 1855, one year after his 

 return to England, he published Australia audits 

 Uoldjiclds. He died in October 1891. 



Hargreaves, JAMES, the inventor of the 

 spinning- jenny, used in the manufacture of cotton, 

 was an illiterate weaver and carpenter of Stand- 

 hill, near Blackburn, in Lancashire, where he was 

 born. In 1760 he helped Robert Peel (the founder 

 of that family) in the construction of a carding- 

 machine ; and half-a-dozen years later he invented 

 the spinning-jenny, the icfea of which is said to 

 have been suggested to him by seeing a spinning- 

 wheel, which one of his children had upset, con- 

 tinue to revolve horizontally, whilst the spindle 

 revolved vertically. But his fellow-spinners, im- 

 bued with strong prejudices against machinery, 

 broke into his house and destroyed his frame. 

 He then removed to Nottingham (1767), where he 

 erected a spinning-mill. Three years later he took 

 out a patent for his invention ; but, as it was 

 proved that he had sold some of his machines 

 before the patent was obtained, it was thereby 

 declared to have been invalidated. Hargreaves 

 continued to carry on business as a yarn manu- 

 facturer till his death on 22d April 1778, when 

 his share in the mill was bought by his partner 

 for 400. See Francis Espinasse's Lancashire 

 Worthies (1874). 



Haricot. See BK \ \. 



Hari-kari (rather hara-kiri, 'belly-cut,' also 

 called 'happy despatch'), a term applied to the 

 curious Japanese system of official suicide, obsolete 

 since 1868 (see JAPAN). The Japanese estimated 

 the number of such suicides at 500 per annum. All 

 military men, and persons holding civil offices 



under the government, were held bound, when 

 they had committed un ollence, to disembowel 

 themselves. This they perfumed in a solemn and 

 dignitied manner, in presence of otlicialH and other 

 \\ it nese, by one or two goshe* with a short sharp 

 sword or dagger 94 inches long. Personal honour 

 having len saved by the self-inflicted wound, the 

 execution was completed by a superior executioner 

 (or rather the victim's second, often a kinsman or 

 friend of gentleman'* rank), who gave the rmifule 

 qrace by beheading the victim with one swinging 

 blow from a long sword. Japanese gentlemen 

 were trained to regard the hara-kiri as an honour- 

 able expiation of crime or blotting out of disgrace. 

 See articles by an eye-witness in Cornhill (1869). 



Httring, GEORG WILHELM HEINRICH, better 

 known under the name of WILIBALD ALEM 

 German novelist, was born at Breslau, 23d June 

 ]"-7. He at first studied law at Berlin and 

 Breslau, but abandoned this pursuit for a literary 

 career. His first success as a writer was the histori- 

 cal romance Wall<liH<ir (1823-24), published as a 

 work by Sir Walter Scott, a fraud that found belief 

 and led to the book being translated into several 

 languages (into English, very freely, by De Quincey, 

 1824). This was followed by Die Geachteten ( 1825) 

 and Schloss Avalon (1827). Baring's subsequent 

 historical romances, the clever character-drawing, 

 historical verisimilitude, and vigorous description of 

 which entitle them to a high rank, are Calunis (6 

 vols. 1832), Roland von Berlin (3 vols. 1840), Der 

 falsche Woldemar (3 vols. 1842), Hans Jiirgen 

 und Hans Jochem (2 vols. 1846), Der Warwolf($ 

 vols. 1848), Ruhe ist die erste Burgerpflicht (5 vols. 

 1854), Jsegrimm (3 vols. 1854), and Dorothe (3 

 vols. 1856). Besides these, he wrote books of 

 travel, sketches, dramas, and other works. His 

 Gesammelte Werke were published at Berlin in 

 20 vols. in 1874, the historical romances as Vater- 

 landische Romane in 8 vols. in 1884. He died 16th 

 December 1871. 



Hariiigton. See HARRINGTON. 



Hariri. ABU MOHAMMED AL KASIM IBN ALI, 

 surnamed AL-HARiRi ('the Silk-merchant'), an 

 Arabic writer, was born at Basra, on the Tigris, in 

 446 A. H. (1054 A.D.), spent his life in study and 

 devotion to literary worK, and died at Basra about 

 1121. He wrote valuable works on Arabic gram- 

 mar, as Molhat el Irab, a work on syntax, and 

 Dnrrat el-Ghaivwus, on common faults in current 

 language. But the most famous of his writings, 

 indeed one of the most famous compositions of all 

 times and countries, is his Mukainat (Literary 

 Gatherings). This is a collection of rhymed tales, 

 the central character in which is a certain Abu Seid 

 from Seruj, a witty, clever, amiable rogue, well 

 read in sacred and profane lore, but cunning and 

 unscrupulous, who turns up under all possible dis- 

 guises and in all possible places. The brilliancy of 

 imagination and wit displayed in these adventures, 

 their striking changes, and dramatic situations, 

 have hardly ever been equalled ; but more wonder- 

 ful still is the poet's power of language. The. whole 

 force of the proverbial fullness or expression, spirit, 

 elegance, and grandeur of the Arabic idiom haa 

 been brought to bear on the subject. Indeed, as 

 far as language is concerned, the Makamat is looked 

 upon in the East as the highest source of authority 

 next to the Koran. The book has been translated, 

 either entirely or partially, into nearly every 

 Eastern and European tongue, and has been the 

 prototype of innumerable imitations, the most suc- 

 ce-- fui ln'ing one in Hebrew, M(i<-hlx-n>tli Ithicl, by 

 Yelindah ben Shelomoh al-Khari/i. The best 

 edition of the Makamat is that by Silvestre de Sacy, 

 which appeared in Paris, 1822 (re-edited 1847-53). 

 Of translations, the palm is due to Riickert, who 



