560 



HARI-RUD 



HARLEY 



has completely reproduced the spirit and form of 

 the work in his Verwandlungen des A bu Seid von 

 Serug, first published in 1826. English translations 

 (partial) have been made by Preston (1850) and by 

 Chenery ( 1867 ). 



II a ri- 1* lid. or HERi-Ruo, a river of Asia, which 

 rises in the Hindu Kush about 150 miles W. from 

 Kabul, pursues a western course through Afghani- 

 stan for nearly 250 miles ; then, bending suddenly 

 to the northward, it forms the boundary between 

 Persia and Turkestan, and, after a further course of 

 about 250 miles, loses itself in several arms in the 

 Tekke Turkoman oasis. 



IluriVJIllSJl, a Sanskrit epos, which professes 

 to be part of the Mahabharata, but may oe more 

 properly classed with the Puranas ( q. v. ). 



Ilarlamoff, ALEXIS, a Russian artist, born at 

 Saratoff in 1844, studied at St Petersburg Academy 

 of Fine Arts, gained several medals, became a 

 member of the Academy in 1869, and soon after- 

 wards settled in Paris. A regular contributor to 

 the Salon, his portraits and pictures of children and 

 young girls, executed with feeling and painstaking 

 care, have rendered him famous. See R. Walker's 

 article in Good Words (1889). 



Harlaw', 18 miles NW. of Aberdeen, the site of 

 a battle fought on 24th July 1411, between the 

 Highlanders led by Donald, Lord of the Isles, and 

 the Lowlanders of Mar, Garioch, Buchan, Angus, 

 and Mearns, under Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar. 

 The battle was long and bloody, but the High- 

 landers were at last driven back, leaving more than 

 900 dead upon the field. For long after ' the red 

 Harlaw ' was a favourite theme of legend and song. 



Harlech, an ancient town of Merionethshire, 

 North Wales, stands on the coast, 10 miles N. of 

 Barmouth. On a steep hill overlooking the sea is 

 its massive castle, which held out for the Lancas- 

 trians in the Wars of the Roses, and later for 

 Charles I. The ' March of the Men of Harlech ' 

 commemorates its capture by the Yorkists in 1468. 

 For the Harlech series, see CAMBRIAN SYSTEM. 



Harlequin. See PANTOMINE. The etymology 

 of the word is curious. The Fr. is arlequin, from 

 which apparently is derived the Ital. arlecchino. 

 The Old Fr. phrase was li maisnie hierlekin ( Low 

 Lat. harlequini familias), ' a troop of demons that 

 haunted lonely places.' This Skeat derives from 

 Old Fries, helle cyn, Icel. heljar kyn i.e. the 

 kindred of hell, host of hell, troop of demons. The 

 change from hellequin to harlequin was due to a 

 mistaken analogy with Charles Quint. See Max 

 Miiller's Lectures, ii. p. 581. 



Harlequin Duck (Anas [or Clangula] his- 

 trionica), a species of Garrot which receives its 

 name from its variegated markings, white, gray, 

 black, and brown. It inhabits the seashore and 

 its inlets and river mouths, being seldom seen 

 inland. It is found in Kamchatka and Green- 

 land, on the shores of the Caspian Sea, Sea of 

 Aral, and Lake Baikal. In America it is found in 

 Labrador, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Bay 

 of Fundy, and advances in winter southwards to 

 the United States. Its whole length is about 17 

 inches. See WILD-DUCK. 



Harless, GOTTLOB CHRISTOPH ADOLF VON, a 

 German Lutheran theologian, was born at Nurem- 

 berg in 1806, and was professor of Theology at 

 Erlangen from 1836, and at Leipzig from 1845. In 

 1850 he became chief court preacher at Dresden, 

 and exercised great influence on ecclesiastical affairs 

 in Saxony. In 1852 he was appointed president 

 of the Protestant consistory at Munich, and suc- 

 ceeded in making the Lutheran Church in Bavaria 

 strongly orthodox. He died 5th September 1879. 

 His most important works were his Theologische 



Encyklopddie imd Methodologie (1837) and Die 

 chnstliche Ethik (1842; Eng. trans. 1868). His 

 autobiography appeared as Bruchstucke aus dem 

 Leben eines Suddeutschen Theologen ( 1873-75). 



Harley, ROBERT, EARL OF OXFORD AND 

 MORTIMER, the son of Sir Edward Harley, an active 

 partisan of the Parliament during the civil wars, 

 was born in London, 5th December 1661. The 

 politics of the family were Whig, and as such 

 Robert Harley entered parliament for the Cornish 

 borough of Tregony. But at the end of his first 

 parliament he was elected for New Radnor, and 

 this constituency he continued to represent until 

 1711. He soon acquired a great reputation for his 

 knowledge of parliamentary law and practice, and 

 in the parliament which met under the chieftain- 

 ship of Rochester and Godolphin, in February 1701, 

 he was elected speaker. This post he retained 

 until 1705, though in April 1704 he became also 

 Secretary of State. But shortly after this time 

 Harley began to influence the queen's mind against 

 the party of Marlborough and Godolphin ; for, 

 apparently from motives of personal ambition, he 

 now began to intrigue with and for the Tories, and 

 he found a most useful ally in his cousin, Abigail 

 Hill (Mrs Masham). Godolphin failed not to 

 detect what was going forward, and in February 

 1708 the conviction of Harley's secretary for trea- 

 sonable correspondence with France caused his 

 master to resign office. The discarded minister 

 then set to work, aided by his cousin, to undermine 

 the power of the Whigs, and in August 1710 

 Godolphin was dismissed, Harley being appointed 

 Chancellor of the Exchequer and made head of the 

 government. In 1711 occurred an event which 

 raised Harley to the acme of popularity. A French 



Sriest and spy, who assumed the title of Marquis 

 e Guiscard, being brought before the council on 

 the 8th of March on the charge of treasonable cor- 

 respondence with France, suddenly stabbed Harley 

 in the breast with a penknife. His life was said 

 to have been in danger, but he recovered, and was 

 created Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, made a 

 knight of the Garter, and in May appointed Lord 

 High Treasurer of Great Britain. He was the last 

 to bear this title ; henceforth the chief adviser of 

 the sovereign was known as the first minister to 

 the crown, or the prime-minister. The principal 

 act of Harley's administration was the treaty of 

 Utrecht, the opposition of the Whig majority in 

 the Upper House being overcome by the creation 

 of twelve new peers. But Oxford's popularity was 

 already on the wane ; the friendship between 

 him and Bolingbroke had degenerated into bitter 

 jealousy, and was fast turning to hatred, and Mrs 

 Masham sided with Bolingbroke. Moreover, Ox- 

 ford estranged the Jacobites by his irresolution and 

 want of a decided policy. On 27th July 1714 he 

 was dismissed from office, his successor being Boling- 

 broke. Five days later, however, the queen died, 

 and George I. was proclaimed king. In July of the 

 following year Oxford was impeached and sent to 

 the Tower, but after two years' imprisonment was 

 acquitted by the Peers, and released. He spent the 

 remainder of his life in retirement, the friend of 

 scholars and men of letters, especially of Swift, and 

 the founder of the Harleian collection of books and 

 MSS. in the British Museum (q.v.). The Harleian 

 Society, named from him, was founded in 1869 for 

 the publication of heraldic visitations, &c. He died 

 May 21, 1724. Harley was not a great statesman ; 

 the fault that marred his career was indecision of 

 purpose, a desire to stand well with all parties. 

 He followed no decided policy, but intrigued all 

 round, not only with Whigs and with Tories, but 

 also with the enemies of his country. Conse- 

 quently he was distrusted by all parties and loved 

 by none. See the Harley Papers ( 1897). 



