HAHLINGEN 



HARMONICS 



561 



HarlillttCIl (Frisian Hums), a seaport of the 



Netherlaiuls, in tin; province oi I'Vieslaml, on the 

 Xuider /.<<. 1 I mil.-- \V. liy S. from Leeuwanlrn 

 It has a good harlxtnr (1875), protected from the 

 \ dykes. Tlic manufacture of linen sacks and 

 DiAohlne* ami shipbuilding are the chief indus- 

 tii.-s. Mutter and cattle are exported to England. 

 l'..|.. 10,274. 



llarilialill i* a vegetable base, and Hunnin 

 anotlier, both of which occur in the husk of tln> 

 seeds of I't'ifii/iitm Imrmaln, or Syrian rue, a /ygo- 

 phyllaceous, shrubby plant that grows abundantly 

 in the steppes of southern Uussia. Tle seeds have 

 been used in dyeing silk, to which they impart 

 various shades of red. 



ilarnial t:in. a hot desiccating wind, prevalent 

 on tin- (iuinea coast during December, January, 

 and February, which blows from the interior to the 

 Atlantic Ocean. It is generally preceded by clouds 

 of extremely fine sand, called 'smokes' or 'fog,' 

 which penetrates everywhere and covers every- 

 thing. It lias a hurtful effect on vegetation, and 

 on tho li 11 mail body, drying up the eyes, nostrils, 

 and mouth, and even causing the skin to peel off. 

 The negroes protect themselves against it by 

 rubbing the body with fat or grease. It has, how- 

 ever, the good effect of checking epidemics, and 

 curing, dysentery, fevers, and cutaneous diseases. 

 The Tiarmattan is similar to the Sirocco (q.v.) of 

 Italy. 



Harmodius and Aristogeiton, two Athe- 

 nians strongly attached to each other, who in 514 

 B.C. murdered Hipparchus, the younger brother 

 of the 'tyrant' Hippias, partly on account of an 

 insult ottered by him to the sister of Harmodius, 

 .and partly with a view to the overthrow of the 

 I'isistratid.-e. They meant to kill Hippias also, 

 but Harmodius was cut down by the bodyguard of 

 Hipparclius, whilst Aristogeiton fled, but was 

 afterwards taken and executed. Subsequently 

 they came to be regarded as patriotic martyrs, and 

 received divine honours from the Athenians, and 

 had statues raised to their memory. A beautiful 

 drinking-song by Callistratus celebrates their 

 deed. 



Harmonica, a musical instrument, invented 

 in 1760 by Benjamin Franklin, the sounds of which 

 were produced from bell-shaped glasses, placed on 

 a framework that revolved on its centre, while the 

 rims were touched by the moistened finger. An 

 instrument of the kind was used at Nuremberg in 

 the 17th century. In 1746 the great composer 

 (Jluck.and in 1750 an Irishman named Puckendge, 

 played in London airs on a row of glasses, tuned by 

 inn ting water into each. When Franklin finished 

 his invention, in which the pitch was regulated by 

 the size of the glasses alone, he found an excellent 

 performer in Miss Marianne Davies, to whom he 

 made a present of his harmonica, and who during 

 1762-73 performed on it with great effect in London, 

 Paris, Vienna, Milan, Naples, &c. This fascinating 

 instrument found many admirers, but none of them 

 ever succeeded in improving it. The production of 

 the sound by the points of the fingers caused such 

 an effect on the nerves of the performer as in some 

 instances to induce fainting fits. All attempts to 

 make the harmonica easier for amateurs through 

 means of keys ended in failure, since no substance 

 was found to act as a sulwtitute for the human 

 linger. The harmonica gave rise to a host of similar 

 instruments by Chladni, Kaufmann, and others, 

 which were not particularly successful. Other 

 instruments of no merit or imix>rtance took the 

 same or a similar name, but had not the most 

 remote resemblance to the original e.g. steel pegs 

 or strings being substituted for the glasses (see 

 HARMONICON). The original harmonica, for which 

 244 



Mo/art ami li<-i-tho\ en OOfBpOMd, wait the instru- 

 ment popularly known a* musical glaHse*. See 

 Pohl, /.HI- Gencliichte der Glaaharmonica (1802). 



llarinonira, < in Mir \i.. This term U applied 

 to the musical note which in evolved when a long 

 dry tube, open at both ends, in held over a jet of 

 burning hydrogen. A rapid current is produced 

 through the tul*-, which occasion* a dickering, and 

 is attended by a series of -mall explosions, that 

 succeed each other so rapidly and at such regular 

 intervals as to give rise to a musical note, wln.-e 

 pitch and quality vary with the length, thickness, 

 and diameter of the tube. See FLAME. 



Harmonic Engine, an invention of Edison's, 

 in which the energy of an electric current us 

 used, by means of two small electromagnets, to 

 keep up the vibrations of a large and heavily 

 weighted tuning-fork. The arms of the tuning-fork 

 are connected with two pistons which work a 

 miniature pump, and this may compress air, which, 

 in its turn, can drive sewing-machines or do other 

 light work. 



Harmonicon, a musical instrument consist- 

 ing of glass or metal plates supported on strings at 

 points about one-fourth of the length from the free 

 ends. The plates are struck by soft hammers and 

 enter into transversal vibrations, the frequency of 

 which varies directly as the thickness, inversely 

 as the square of the length, directly as the square 

 root of the elasticity of the vibrating material, and 

 inversely as the square root of its density. The 

 points of support become nodal points. 



Harmonic Proportion. Three numbers are 

 said to be in harmonic proportion when the first is 

 to the third as the difference between the first 

 and second is to the difference between the second 

 and third ; otherwise, harmonic proportion is that 

 which subsists between the reciprocals of num- 

 bers which are in arithmetical proportion. Thus, 

 3, 5, 7, &c., being in arithmetical proportion, J, 1, f, 

 &c. , are in harmonic proportion. In geometry, a line 



B 



l) 



AB is said to be harmonically divided when two 

 points are taken, one in the line and the other 

 in the line produced, as C and D, such that 

 AC : CB : : AD : DB. When the line is thus 

 divided, AD, CD, and BD are in harmonic pro- 

 portion. A harmonic progression is a series of 

 numbers in harmonic proportion, as the series 

 formed by the reciprocals of numbers forming an 

 arithmetical series. 



Harmonics. Every musical sound, although 

 to the untrained ear it appears to l>e single, will, on 

 close observation, be perceived to consist of a prin- 

 cipal or fundamental tone accompanied by higher 

 tones or harmonics which blend and generally har- 

 monise with it. The existence of such harmonics 

 (or partial tones) may be perceived on loudly 

 sounding a low note on a pianoforte with the loud 

 pedal held down : as the sound dies away the 

 harmonics become more and more prominently 

 audible, especially when they are singly listened 

 for one after the other ; and the more tinkling the 

 quality of tone of the instrument the more readily 

 they are heard. In fact, in a tinkling pianoforte 

 they are at all times louder than the fundamental 

 tone, though they are masked by it, as all high tones 

 appear to the ear to be masked !iy lower tones; 

 and the tinkling quality is due to their presence. 

 The peculiar recognisable character of all sounds 

 different voices, pianoforte, organ, violin, &c. is 

 due to the presence of harmonics, each with its 

 own intensity ; and by sounding along with a 

 simple fundamental sound a nnmlier of harmonic 

 tones, each with varying degrees of loudness, an 



