HARMONY 



HAROLD 



560 



The chords at * present the same discord the 



:iili ;iiid scvfntli on A, the dominant of D. 



Tin- IIIM i < carefully prepared, uiid HO hoM a smooth 



effect ; the second is <|iiite 'free' in its entry, and 



i siiddrn ami startling effect. 



Only inn- \\lio understands counterpoint and 

 li.n ninny can appreciate the full importance of the 

 new departure. It meant that discords were no 

 longer mere variations of concords, hut individual 

 ions with an individual's rights and duties. 

 The discord most ea-ily used was the doininant 

 seventh, the first discord produced by nature's 

 harmonics ; and so the relation of dominant to 

 tonic the central idea of all harmony developed 

 from an increasingly general tendency into a 

 recognised rule. During the 17th century many 

 experiments were made by Monteverde's followers, 

 until at the end of the century llameau's famous 

 treatise called attention to the fact that all chords 

 are derived from some note which is the generator 

 or root, and the relationships of these roots govern 

 the progressions of the harmonies. The less known, 

 but hardly less important, researches of Tartini 

 formed a good supplement to Rameau's theory ; 

 and the basis of scientific harmony established by 

 these two works has not been seriously disturbed 

 even by the thorough investigation and the astonish- 

 ing discoveries of Helmholtz, who has extended 

 the foundation and built a complete superstructure 

 thereon. In the meantime, while theorists fought 

 each other with great fierceness just as their suc- 

 cessors do to-day, the science made extraordinary 

 progress under such practical harmonists as Bach, 

 Mo/art, and Beethoven. Bach's daring but unerr- 

 ing feeling for harmony, his grasp of the mysteries 

 of chord-relationship, and his unequalled skill in 

 part- writing enabled him as early as the beginning 

 of last century to transform an ordinary progression 

 of simple chords into such a passage as 



) 



j J 4-4-t- 



J a 



J J J J I J_J> 



1 



The accented dissonances (*), so smoothly 

 introduced and yet so striking, are extremely 

 effective. Haydn's work, and Mozart's also, is 

 considerably softer ; their use of discord proved 

 insufficient for the expression of the great passion 

 which is the feature or Beethoven's later work. The 

 romanticism of Schumann required still freer scope, 

 and Wagner, who handles any number of parts as 

 easily as did Bach himself, has enlarged the 

 possibilities of harmony so far that it is difficult 

 to conceive of any further advance. Theoretical 

 harmonists have followed fast in the train of these 

 great composers, and, as system after system proved 

 inadequate for the analysis of new harmonies or 

 new uses of old harmonies, the revered names of 

 each generation have been pushed aside more or 

 less contemptuously by succeeding schools. 



Among the most famous works on harmony are those 

 by Kameau, Logier, and Dr Day ; Kichter's text-book 

 long used at Leipzig Conservatorium is a very good 

 example of last generation's guide ; and it is England's 

 proud boast to-day that the attempt to reconcile theory 

 with practice is most successful among her musicians. 

 Sir George Macfarren's Harmony is founded on Dr Day's 

 system; Sir Frederick Ouseley's is even more scientific; 

 and probably the most successful, as well as certainly the 

 most readable of all, is Sir John Stainer's Theory of Har- 

 mony. Sir George Macfarren's six Lectures, delivered at 



the Koyal Institution, give an exhaustive and popular 

 account of the progress of harmony ; and more technical 

 will lui'l much that is instructive in Dr Parry's 

 brilliant article in Grove'* Dictionary of Muiie. 



Harmony of Gospels. See GOSPELS. 



Harms, CLAUS, German divine (1778-1855), 

 uliosc memorial work, Das rind die 96 Theses oder 

 Sin it*<it~<- l.uilicrs (1817), in celebration of the ter- 

 centenary of the Reformation, produced a sensation 

 in Germany. 



Harnack. THKOUOSIUS, a Lutheran theologian, 

 was born at St Petersburg in 1817, and studied at 

 Dorpat, where he was professor of Theology from 

 1848 to 1853, next till 1806 at Erlangen, and again 

 at Dorpat till his retirement in 1873. He died in 

 1889. His principal works are his Praktvtche Theo- 

 logie (3 vols. 1877-82) and Katechetik und Erkld- 

 rung des kleinen Katechismus Luthers (2 vols. 1882). 

 Of his sons, all of whom have attained to some 

 distinction; the most famous is ADOLF, who was 

 born 7th May 1851 at Dorpat, where he studied from 

 1869 to 1872. He was appointed privat-docent for 

 church history at Leipzig (1874), extra-ordinary 

 professor there (1876), and ordinary professor suc- 

 cessively at Giessen (1879), Marburg (1886), and 

 Berlin (*1888). His chief writings are Zur Quellen- 

 kritik Her Geschichte des Gnostizismus (\je\\>. 1873) ; 

 Die Zeit dc.s Jijixttinn und die chronologic der antioch- 

 enischen Bischofe (Leip. 1878); Das Monchtum, 

 seine Ideale und Geschichte (2d ed. Giessen, 1882); 

 Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte (3 vols. 1886-90; 

 Eng. trans. 1894-97); Die Geschiclite der altchrist- 

 lichen Litteratur (vol. i. 1893). The Outlines of the 

 History of Dogma ( trans. 1893 ) is a translation of the 

 Grundriss ( 2d ed. 1893). Prussian orthodoxy was 

 greatly scandalised by his treatment of the Apostles' 

 Creed in Das Apostolische Glaubensbekenntniss 

 (1'892), and agitated for his removal from his post. 

 In conjunction with Voii Gebhardt and Zahn he 

 edited t\\e.Patrum apostolicorum opera (3 parts, 

 Leip. 1876-78); and with Von Gebhardt alone the 

 Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der alt- 

 christlichen litteratur ( 12 vols. 1882-94 ). He was 

 also joint -editor of the Theologische Litteratur- 

 zeitung established by SchUrer (1876). AXEL, 

 Adolf's twin - brother, who died in 1888, was a 

 distinguished mathematician, and wrote on the 

 calculus ; ERICH, another brother, became a pro- 

 fessor of Physiology at Halle ; and a fourth, OTTO, 

 wrote on Goethe. 



Ilaro. a town of Spain, 31 miles by rail NW. 

 of Logrono, is prettily situated on the right bank 

 of the Ebro. Good red wine is grown in the neigh- 

 bourhood. Pop. 7600. 



Ilaro. THE CRY OF, an old form of appeal in 

 Normandy and the Channel Islands. The word 

 was anciently understood to be an appeal to Rolf, 

 Rollo, or Ron, the first Duke of Normandy ; a 

 better derivation seems to be from the Old High 

 German hern or hara, ' here," making haro simply 

 a cry for aid. 



llarorris. the elder Horns, son of Seb, the 

 Egyptian Saturn, and Nu, or Rhea. He was the 

 brother, and not the son, of Osiris; and he was 

 ruler over the heaven. He was identified with the 

 sun and Apollo. See EGYPT (Vol. IV. p. 235). 



Harold I.* surnamed HAREFOOT, king of Eng- 

 land, was the younger of Canute's two sons by his 

 first wife, Alfgiva. On the death of Canute in 

 1035, the witan bestowed upon Harold all the 

 provinces north of the Thames ; while the posses- 

 sion of Wessex in the south was given up to 

 Canute's second wife, Emma, for her son Hardi- 

 canute. But in 1037 Wessex also submitted to 

 Harold. Beyond a futile invasion of the country 

 by Alfred, son of Ethelred, and raiding incursions 

 by the Welsh and Scots, Harold's reign was 



