II AUK I SON 



HAHHOGATE 



671 





are The Meaning of History (1862), Onl.r nn<! 

 i, The Present n,,d the Future (1880), 

 m -,v mi Education (1883), On the Choice of 

 Jin,,ks (1886), Oliver Cromwell ( 1888), The Meaning 

 of History (1894), LUcrnri/ Kssin/a (1895). He 

 contested London University in 1886 as a Home 

 rule candidate, Imt without success. In 1880-93 

 he was an alderman in the London County Council. 

 Harrison, JOHN, the inventor of the chron- 

 omrtrr for determining longitude at sea, was born 

 at Foulliy, near Pontefraot, Yorksliire, in 1693. 

 lli^ meclianical genius, wliich showed itself at an 

 early age, led him to study the construction of 

 clocks and watches, with a view to diminish as 

 much as possible their errors and irregularities, 

 and by 1726 he hod constructed a timekeeper pro- 

 viiled with compensating apparatus for correcting 

 errors due to variations of climate. In 1714 the 

 government had offered prizes of 10,000, 15,000, 

 and 20,000 for the discovery of a method for 

 determining the longitude within 60, 40, and 30 

 miles respectively. After a long period of per- 

 severing labour Harrison made a chronometer 

 which, in a voyage to Jamaica in 1761-62, was 

 found to determine the longitude within 18 miles. 

 After another voyage to Jamaica, and further 

 trials, he was awarded the prize of 20,000 in 1765 

 and 1767. The success of Harrison's chronometer 

 is owing to the application of the compensation 

 curb to the balance wheel ; and on the same prin- 

 ciple he invented the gridiron pendulum for clocks. 

 Besides these, he invented the going fusee and the 

 remontoir escapement (see HOROLOGY). Harrison 

 died in London, 24th March 1776. He wrote De- 

 scription of such Mechanism as will afford a Nice 

 or True Measurement of Times. See The Principles 

 of Mr Harrison's Timekeeper (1767). 



Harrison, THOMAS, regicide, was born at New- 

 castle-under-Lyme in 1606, and joined the parlia- 

 mentary army at the opening of the Civil War. 

 He commanded the guard that carried the king 

 from Hurst Castle to London, sat among his judges, 

 and signed his death-warrant. He did good service 

 at Worcester, but was too uncompromising alike in 

 religion and politics to favour Cromwell's tolerant 

 ideas, and was accordingly deprived of his com- 

 mission, and later imprisoned for his share in some 

 of the plots hatched by the more irreconcilable 

 bigots. With characteristically stubborn heroism 

 he would not fly at the Restoration, and was soon 

 seized, tried, and condemned to death. He died 

 bravely, October 13, 1660, with the words on his 

 lips, ' If I had ten thousand lives, I could freely 

 and cheerfully lay them all down to witness to this 

 matter." 



Harrison, WILLIAM, the chief of Holinshed's 

 coadjutors, was born in London, educated at 

 St Paul's and Westminster, and studied first at 

 Oxford, next at Cambridge, graduating B.D. at the 

 latter in 1569. He became household chaplain to 

 William Brooke, Lord Cobham, who presented him 

 to the rectory of Radwinter, in Essex, which he 

 held all his life, together for ten years with the 

 vicarage of Wimbish in the same county. In 1586 

 he was installed canon of Windsor, and died in 

 1593. Almost all we know of him he has told us 

 himself, even to his gardening and his brewing; and 

 he impresses his readers throughout as a learned, 

 honest, and singularly open-eyed although un- 

 travelled man. When he wrote' the lK>ok l>y which 

 his name is rememlered one Trinity term in 

 London, he was more than forty miles from his 

 books, and he tells us further that till recently, 

 except in visits to the universities or to Lord 

 Cobham's house in Kent, he had never gone a forty 

 miles' journey in his life. But at that time he hail 

 the advantage of access to the valuable manuscripts 



of Leland. The fruit of hw application wan his 

 famous Description of Emjlaiid, an well a* hi* 

 DttarfftioH uj Jii-ttnut, written for liolinxhed'H 

 Chronicle. In the ' Epistle Dedicatorie ' he tell* 

 us he had an 'especial eye unto the truth of 

 things;' and further that he was 'the first that 

 hath taken upon him HO particularly to describe 

 this He of Britain.' The former is especially 

 interesting to us as a vigorous and elaborate 

 account of the conditions of life in the England 

 of Shakespeare's day, treating in succession, with 

 some fullness of detail, subjects so diverse as 

 the church, the bishoprics, the universities, the 

 navy, the food, apparel, armour, the beggars and 

 rogues, laws, punishments, buildings, cities, parks, 

 gardens, fairs, and markets. The second and third 

 books of the Description of England were edited 

 by Dr Furnivall, for the New Shakespeare Society 

 (parts i.-iii. 1877-81 ). The whole work is of course 

 reprinted in all editions of Holinshed. 



Harrison. WILLIAM HENRY, ninth president 

 of the United States, was born in Charles City 

 county, Virginia, 9th February 1773. His father, 

 Benjamin Harrison ( 1740-91 ), was one of the 

 signers of the declaration of independence, which, 

 as chairman of committee, he reported to congress 

 .on 4th July 1776. There is a popular legend, 

 seemingly unfounded, that makes the family de- 

 scendea from Harrison the regicide. After his 

 father's death, William joined the army which 

 Wayne was leading against the North-western 

 Indians, and showed great gallantry at the battle on 

 the Miami (1794). He left the army in 1798. He 

 represented the North-west Territory as a delegate 

 in congress in 1799-1800, and succeeded in passing 

 a valuable law relating to the sale of the federal 

 land in uial! parcels ; and when Indiana Territory 

 was formed (1800), including the present states of 

 Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, besides 

 parts of Minnesota and Ohio, he was appointed its 

 governor. He laboured courageously to avert 

 war with the Indians, but was compelled to quell 

 Tecumseh's outbreak, and beat off a fierce and 

 treacherous attack, ending in an important battle 

 at Tippecanoe (7th November 1811 ). In the war of 

 1812-14 he was appointed to the chief command in 

 the north-west, repulsed the British force under 

 Proctor, and by the victory of Perry on Lake Erie 

 was enabled to pursue the invaders into Canada, 

 where, on 5th October 1813, he totally routed them 

 in the battle of the Thames. In 1814 he resigned 

 his commission. In 1816 he was elected to congress, 

 and in 1824 became a United States senator. In 

 1828 he went as ambassador to Colombia, but was 

 recalled in 1829, and for twelve years was clerk of 

 a county court in Ohio. He received 73 electoral 

 votes for the presidency of the United States in 

 1836 against Van Buren s 170 ; but four years later, 

 the Whig party having united, he defeated Van 

 Buren, obtaining 234 electoral votes to the latter's 

 60. The contest is noteworthy as having witnessed 

 the introduction of the enormous mass-meetings 

 and processions, the emblems and banners, that 

 have since been part of every presidential campaign. 

 Harrison died a month after his inauguration, on 

 4th April 1841, and was succeeded in ofiice by the 

 vice-president, John Tyler. 



or HARROWGATE, a watering- 

 place in the West Riding of Yorkshire, lies among 

 bhe moors, 450 feet above sea-level, and by rail is 

 17 miles N. of Leeds and 20 WNW. of York. 

 It consists of two parts, High and Low, and 

 is celebrated for its sulphureous, saline, and 

 chalybeate springs. The sulphureous springs are 

 of laxative and diuretic quality, while the chaly- 

 !>eate are tonic. The waters "are used both ex- 

 ternally and internally, and are in great repute 



