572 



HARROW 



HARRY 



in many diseases of the skin and in some cases of 

 dyspeptic disorders, scrofula, gout, jaundice, rheu- 

 matism, &c. The springs were discovered in 1596. 

 Harrogate is a remarkably healthy place, the death- 

 rate per 1000 ranging in six years between 14 '5 and 

 11 '7. It was incorporated as a municipal borough 

 in 1883. Smollett's Humphrey Clinker ( 1771 ) gives 

 a lively account of Harrogate. Pop. ( 1851 ) 3678 ; 

 ( 1881 ) 9482 ; ( 1891 ) 13,917. See Grainge's History 

 of Harrogate (1ST I). 



Harrow, an agricultural implement used for 

 smoothing and pulverising ploughed land, and for 

 covering the seeds previously sown. It consists of 

 a frame of a square or rhombic form, in which are 

 fixed rows of teeth, or tines, projecting downwards. 

 The harrow is a very ancient implement, having 

 been in use beyond the dawn of history ; but as in 

 early times only the lighter soils were cultivated, 

 it often consisted of bushes, or branches of trees, 

 which merely scratched the ground. Subsequently, 

 we find a wooden frame and wooden tines in use ; 

 next, the wooden frame with iron tines, a form of 

 the instrument still in use in many parts, especially 

 upon light soils. The harrow constructed wholly 

 or iron is now most largely employed, and as it can 

 be made light or heavy, works more cleanly, and is 

 more durable, it is preferable to the old wooden 

 form. Iron harrows are usually made in zigzag 

 form as shown below. The Howard harrow has 

 the tines so arranged that no one follows in the 

 track of another, but each has a separate line of 

 action which greatly diminishes the risk of any 



Howard's Harrow. 



portion of the surface escaping pulverisation. Ex- 

 ceptionally strong harrows with rank teeth are 

 made for breaking down rough or hard land. The 

 ' chain-harrow,' which is a congeries of iron rings, 

 is useful for covering grass-seeds, and especially for 

 separating weeds from the earth or clods in which 

 they are enveloped. Drill harrows are constructed 

 to scarify the soil between raised drills and also the 

 raised drills themselves. 



Harrow, or HARROW-ON-THE-HILL, a town of 

 Middlesex, 11 J miles WNW. of St Paul's, stands on 

 a hill, 200 feet high, that looks over thirteen shires. 

 Its ' visible church,' which crowns the hill-top, was 

 founded by Lanfranc, and rebuilt about the middle 

 of the 14th century. Exhibiting every style of 

 Gothic architecture, from Norman to Perpendic- 

 ular, it has a lofty spire and eleven brasses (one 

 of them to John Lyon); whilst in the church- 

 yard is a flat tombstone on which Byron as a 

 schoolboy used to lie. Pop. (1881) 5558; (1891) 

 5725. The district has increased even more rapidly 

 (from 12,796 to 15,710), owing largely to building 

 operations and to the railway improvements. 



HARROW SCHOOL was founded in 1571 by John 

 Lyon, a wealthy yeoman of Preston, in the parish 

 of Harrow-on-the-Hill, who died in 1592 ; but the 

 original red -brick school-house (now the name- 

 becarved Fourth Form School) was not built till 



1608-15. New buildings have been added since 

 1819 the chief of these being the Second-pointed 

 chapel ( 1857 ), with its tall slender spire and 

 memorial glass to twenty-two Crimean officers j 

 the Vaughan Memorial Library (1863), similarly 

 designed by Sir G. G. Scott ; and the semi-circular 

 Speech-room ( 1877 ). The school was primarily 

 intended to afford a free education to thirty poor 

 boys of the parish ; but the statutes, drawn up by 

 the founder two years before his death, provided 

 also for the admission of ' so many foreigners as the 

 place can conveniently contain ;' and it is to that 

 provision that Harrow, although not richly 

 endowed, owes its proud position among the great 

 schools of England. Still, its fortunes have 

 fluctuated much, the number of boys being 144 

 in 1721, 50 in 1745, 345 in 1803, 80 in 1845, 438 in 

 1859, and now upwards of 500. The study of 

 mathematics was first introduced in 1837, of modern 

 languages in 1851-55; and all the other branches 

 of a modern education have followed. Music be- 

 came a specialty of Harrow education under Mr 

 J. Farmer, who was music-master here from 1862 

 till 1885. Archery, which flourished till 1776, ha& 

 been superseded by cricket, football, rackets, &c., 

 the Eton and Harrow cricket-match at Lord'* 

 dating from 1818. The age of admission is twelve 

 to fourteen ; and there are six or seven entrance 

 scholarships, of from 30 to 80 per annum, offered 

 every Easter. Of leaving scholarships, the most 

 valuable are Baring's three of 100 a year for five 

 years to Hertford College, Oxford. Under the 

 Public Schools Act of 1868 the governing body 

 comprises six members, elected respectively by the 

 Lord Chancellor, the universities of Oxford, Cam- 

 bridge, and London, the Royal Society, and the 

 under-masters. Among the twenty-one head- 

 masters have been Archdeacon Thackeray ( 1746- 

 60), Dr Sumner (1760-71), Dean George Butler 

 (1805-29), Archbishop Longley (1829-36), Bishop- 

 Christopher Wordsworth (1836-44), Dean Vaughan 

 (1844-59), Dr Henry Montagu Butler (1859-85), 

 and the Rev. J. E! C. Welldon. Of illustrious 

 Harrovians may be mentioned Lord Aberdeen, 

 Bruce the Abyssinian, Charles Buller, Colonel 

 Burnaby, Lord Byron, Charles Stuart Calverley, 

 the Marquis of Dalhousie, Lord Dalling, Lord 

 Goderich, the Marquis of Hastings, Lord Herbert 

 of Lea, Theodore Hook, Sir William Jones, Car- 

 dinal Manning, Hermann Merivale, Dean Merivale, 

 Lord Palmerston, Dr Samuel Parr (a native also, 

 and an under-master ), Sir Robert Peel, Spencer 

 Perceval, Admiral Rodney, Lord Shaftesbury, 

 Sheridan, J. S. Symonds, Archbishop Trench, 

 Anthony Trollope, and Sir George Trevelyan. 

 ' Stet fortuna domus. ' 



See R. Pitcairn, Harrow School (1870); A. Rimmer,, 

 Rambles round Eton and Harrow ( 1881 ) ; P. M. Thorn- 

 ton, Harrow School and its Surroundings (1885); 

 Bushell, Early Harrow Charters (1893); and R. <J. 

 Welch, Harrow School Register, 1801-93 (1894). 



Harry, BLIND, a Scottish minstrel of the 15th 

 century. Scarcely anything is known of his life 

 beyond what is told by John Major ( or Mair ) in 

 his History of Scotland, published in 1521. ' When 

 I was a child,' he says, ' Henry, a man blind from 

 his birth, who lived "by telling tales before princes 

 and peers, wrote a whole book of William Wallace, 

 weaving the common stories ( which I, for one, only 

 partly believe) into vernacular poetry, in which he 

 was skilled.' In 1490-92 Blind Harry is found at 

 the court of King James IV., receiving occasional 

 gratuities of five, nine, and eighteen shillings. The 

 poem attributed to him, The Life of that Noble 

 Champion of Scotland, Sir William Wallace, 

 Knight, was completed before the end of the year 

 1488, when it was copied by John Ramsay. This- 

 copy, the oldest MS. of the work now known to- 



