576 



HARTMANN VON AUE 



HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



cowering and shivering before the March blasts 

 of misery, and despises that ' weariness ere even- 

 tide' which is now become so common amongst 

 us. 



Ed. von Hartmann also gives close attention to 

 the public questions of the day in Germany, and 

 writes ably and clearly on such matters as educa- 

 tion, politics, &c. The results of his activity in 

 these departments will be found in Zur Reform des 

 hoheren Schukvesens (1875), Die politischen Auf- 

 gaben und Zustdnde des Deutschen Reichs (1881), v 

 Moderne Probleme (1885), Gesammelte Studien und 

 Aufsdtze (1876) this last containing an autobio- 

 graphy and Zwei Jahrzehnte Deutscher Politik 

 (1889), besides numerous contributions to maga- 

 zines, such as Die Gegenwart, &c. 



The books in which his philosophical creed is laid 

 down bear the following titles : Philosophic des Unbe- 

 wussten ( 1869 ; 10th ed. 1890 ; Eng. trans, by Coupland, 

 1884 ) ; Phdnomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins ( 1878 ; 

 2d ed. 1886); Das religiose Bewusstsein der Menschheit 

 im Stufengang seiner Entwickclung ( 1882 ) ; Die Religion 

 des Geistes (1882); Die Deutsche Aesthetik seit Kant 

 { 1886 ) ; and Die Philosophic des Sch'onen ( 1887). Besides 

 these, he has written several books supplementary to his 

 principal lines of thought, such as Kritische Grundle- 

 gung des transcendentalen Realismus (3d ed. 1885); 

 Neukantianismus, Schopenhauer ianismus, und Hegelian- 

 ismus ( '2d ed. 1878 ) ; Die Selbstzersetzimg des Christentums 

 und die Religion der Zukunft ( 2d ed. 1874 ; Eng. trans, 

 by Dore, 1886 ) ; a work on the theory of knowledge 

 { 1889 ) ; Kritische Wandcrungen durch die Philosophic 

 der Gegenwart (1890), &c. Useful helps to the study of 

 his system are Koeber's excellent condensation, Das 

 philosophische System H. von Hartmanns (1884), and 

 Plumacher's Der Pessimismus in Vergangenheit und 

 Gegenwart (1884). 



Hartmann von AUC ranks next after Wolf- 

 ram von Eschenbach and Gottfried von Strasburg 

 as a poet of the Middle High German period. He 

 was born about 1170, of a noble Swabian family, 

 took part in the Crusade of 1187, and died between 

 1210 and 1220. His writings consist of narrative 

 poems and songs. The most popular of the former 

 is Der arme Heinrich, based upon a Swabian tradi- 

 tionary story. Erec, which relates the legend re- 

 produced in Tennyson's ' Enid ' in Idylls of the King, 

 and Iwein, are both drawn from the Arthurian cycle, 

 and closely follow French poems by Chrestien de 

 Troyes. In Gregor vom Steine, the plot of which is 

 of a repulsive nature, Hartmann depicts worldly 

 passion subdued and purified by the power of reli- 

 gious faith, the faith of the ascetic of the church 

 at that date. The songs belong to the erotic class 

 and are marked by freshness and naivete. His 

 longer works have each been edited several times 

 separately. F. Bech published a critical edition 

 of Hartmann's collected writings in 1866-69 (2d 

 ed. 1870-73). 



Hartshorn, the term given in pharmacy to the 

 antlers of the Red Deer or Cervus elaphus. Its 

 composition is very different from that of persistent 

 horns, as those of the ox, for example, and is 

 identical, or nearly so, with that of bone. The 

 products of its distillation, containing among other 

 things, ammonia, were formerly much used in 

 medicine, under the titles of oil of hartshorn, 

 volatile salt of hartshorn, spirits of hartshorn, &c. ; 

 but they are now replaced by a solution of am- 

 monia and carbonate of ammonia, the sal volatile 

 of the shops. See AMMONIA, LINIMENTS. 



Hart's-tongue (Scolopendrium), a genus of 

 widely distributed ferns, of which one species, S. 

 vulgare, is a native of Britain, and is common in 

 many parts of the country, in moist woods, shady 

 banks, caves on the seashore, and other cold and 

 damp situations. Its fronds are in general undi- 

 vided although sometimes forked from a few 

 inches to 2 feet in length, and from 1 to 3 inches in 



breadth. The sori are in transverse lines on the 

 lateral veins. Fine plants of this fern are very 



Hart's-tongue (Scolopendrium vulgare). 



ornamental, and attain their greatest luxuriance in 

 winter. 



Hartz. See HARZ. 



Hartzenbusch, JUAN EUGENIO, a Spanish 

 dramatic poet of German extraction, was born at 

 Madrid, September 6, 1806, studied under the 

 Jesuits, and produced his first book, the drama 

 Amantes de leruel, in 1836. His principal works, 

 all published at Madrid, are the drama Dona 

 Mencia (1838), the comedies La Redoma Encan- 

 tada (1839) and La Visionaria (1840), and the 

 dramatic poems Alfonso el Casto (1841), El 

 Bachiller Mendarias (1842), La Coja y el Encogido 

 (1843), and others. He also published in prose 

 Cuentos y Fabidas ( 1861 ), Obras Escogidas ( 1865), 

 and Obras de Encargo (1864). His writings are 

 characterised by glowing imagination, vigorous 

 diction, and sonorous versification. Besides his 

 original works he issued good critical editions of 

 the plays of Tirso de Molina, Calderon, and Lope 

 de Vega. During the greater part of his life 

 Hartzenbusch was employed in the national library 

 at Madrid, of which he became director in 1862. 

 He died at Madrid, 3d August 1880. 



Harun. See HAROUN. 



Hamspices ( Sanskrit hird, ' entrails ; ' cf . Gr. 

 chorde, cholades), soothsayers or diviners among 

 the Etruscans, and from them adopted by the 

 Romans, who foretold future events from the 

 inspection of the entrails of animals offered in sacri- 

 fice (hence also called extispices), and from the 

 observation of other circumstances connected with 

 the offerings, such as the willingness or unwilling- 

 ness of the victim to come to the altar, and the 

 flame or the smoke. They took indications also 

 from earthquakes, lightning, and all other extra- 

 ordinary phenomena of nature called portenta. The 

 haruspices did not equal the augurs in dignity and 

 respect ; they were regarded rather as mediums of 

 communication with heaven than as possessing 

 any independent religious authority. They had' no 

 organisation like the augurs ; they did not, in earlier 

 times at least, form a collegium, nor had they a 

 magister. Their art fell latterly into disrepute, as 

 is illustrated by the well-known saying of Cato that 

 ' he wondered that one haruspex did not laugh when 

 he saw another. ' See AUGURIES, and DIVINATION. 



Harvard University, the oldest and best 

 equipped of the institutions of learning in the 

 United States, was founded as a 

 college in the year 1638. It is 

 located at Cambridge (q.v. ), 

 Mass. , and its numerous buildings ( nearly fifty ) are 

 the chief features of the town. It was named in 

 honour of Rev. John Harvard, who was probably 

 born in Southwark in 1607, graduated in 1635 at Em- 

 manuel College, Cambridge, came to New England 



Copyright 1890, 1897, and 

 1900 in the U. S. by J. B. 

 Lippincott Company. 





