578 



HARVEST-FLY 



HARWICH 



to about five times its original bulk, the head and 

 thorax remaining of the same size as before. After 

 hibernation, during which it digested and assimi- 

 lated the nutritive juices stored up during its para- 

 sitic existence, it became the eight-legged nympha, 

 exclusively a vegetable feeder and sexually com- 

 plete. The harvest-bug infests not only human 

 beings, but also dogs, cats, hares, and other smaller 

 mammals, and even insects. The remedy employed 

 for its bite is to extract the animal from the skin 

 by means of a needle, and to allay the itching by 

 rubbing the part affected with some essential oil. 

 The ravages of the harvest-bug appear to be not 

 confined to Europe, since a small animal found in 

 Mexico, and called by the Indians Thalsahuate, 

 seems to be, if not identical with, at least similar 

 to the harvest-bug in its processes and effects. 



Harvest-fly, the popular name in the United 

 States for a species of Cicada (q.v.). 



Harvest-moon. See MOON. 



Harvey, SIR GEORGE, P.R.S.A., was born at 

 St Ninians, near Stirling, in February 1806. He 

 was apprenticed to a bookseller in Stirling, but 

 in 1823 removed to Edinburgh, and entered the 

 Trustees' Academy there. In 1826, when the 

 Royal Scottish Academy was instituted, he was 

 elected an Associate, though only in his twentieth 

 year ; he became a full Academician in 1829, presi- 

 dent in 1864, and was knighted in 1867. He died 

 22d January 1876. Many of his works are well 

 known through the medium of engravings. The 

 principal are ' Covenanters' Preaching,' ' Battle of 

 Drumclog,' 'A Highland Funeral,' 'Children blow- 

 ing Bubbles in Old Greyfriars' Churchyard,' ' First 

 Reading of the Bible in the Crypt of St Paul's,' 

 ' Bunyan in Bedford Gaol ' and ' Bunyan and his 

 Daughter selling Laces,' 'Shakespeare before Sir 

 T. Lucy,' 'The Curlers,' and 'Leaving the Manse.' 

 In his later years Harvey devoted much time to 

 landscape-painting. 



Harvey, WILLIAM, the discoverer of the cir- 

 culation of the blood, was born at Folkestone, in 

 Kent, on the 1st of April 1578. His father was 

 a yeoman ; and his brothers were merchants of 

 weight and substance, magni et copiosi, in the 

 city of London. After six years at Canterbury 

 grammar-school, Harvey, then sixteen years of age, 

 was entered at Caius College, Cambridge. He 

 took his degree in arts in 1597, and, after five 

 years' study at the university of Padua under 

 Fabricius de Aquapendente, Julius Casserius, and 

 other eminent men who then adorned that 

 university, he obtained his diploma as doctor of 

 medicine in 1602. He returned to England in the 

 same year ; and after receiving his doctor's degree 

 from his original university, Cambridge, settled in 

 London as a physician. In 1609 he was appointed 

 physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital, and in 1615 

 Lumleian Lecturer at the College of Physicians 

 an office then held for life ; and it is generally sup- 

 posed that in his first course of lectures (in the 

 spring of 1616) he expounded those original and 

 complete views of the circulation of the blood with 

 which his name is indelibly associated. It was not 

 till the year ^628 that he gave his views to the 

 world at large, in his celebrated treatise entitled 

 Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, 

 having then, as he states in the preface, for nine 

 years or more gone on demonstrating the subject in 

 his college lectures, illustrating it by new and addi- 

 tional arguments, and freeing it from the objections 

 raised by the skilful amongst anatomists. He Avas 

 appointed successively physician to James I. and 

 Charles I. ; and in 1633 we find that his absence, 

 ' by reason of his attendance on the king's majesty,' 

 from St Bartholomew's Hospital was complained 

 of, and that Dr Andrews was appointed as his sub- 



stitute, 'but without prejudice to him in his yearly 

 fee or in any other respect' a procedure which 

 shows the esteem in which Harvey was held. We 

 learn from Aubrey that he accompanied Thomas 

 Howard, Earl of Arundel, in his embassy to the 

 emperor in 1636 ; and during this journey he pub- 

 licly demonstrated to Caspar Hofmann, the distin- 

 guished professor of Nuremberg, and one of the 

 chief opponents of his views, the anatomical par- 

 ticulars which made the circulation of the blood a 

 necessary conclusion a demonstration which, it is 

 reported, was satisfactory to all present save Hof- 

 mann himself, who still continued to urge futile 

 objections. To appreciate the importance of 

 Harvey's discovery and the nature of the objec- 

 tions that would be urged against it, it is sufficient 

 to state that Harvey's first step was to prove that 

 the arteries contained not air but blood. The 

 whole course of the circulation could not be de- 

 monstrated, as Harvey had no idea of a system of 

 capillaries uniting arteries and veins. These were 

 discovered by Malpighi some fifty years later. He 

 attended the king in his various expeditions, and 

 was present with him at the battle of Edgehill 

 (October 23, 1642). 'During the fight,' say* 

 Aubrey, ' the Prince and Duke of York were com- 

 mitted to his care. He told me that he withdrew 

 with them under a hedge, and tooke out of his. 

 pockett a booke, and read. But he had not read 

 very long before a bullet of a great gun grazed on 

 the ground neare him, which made him remove his 

 station.' He accompanied the king after the 

 battle to Oxford, where he resided nearly four 

 years, receiving the honorary degree of Doctor of 

 Physic, and being elected warden of Merton Col- 

 lege. On the surrender of Oxford to the Parlia- 

 ment in July 1646, he left the university and 

 returned to London. He was now sixty-eight 

 years of age, and seems to have withdrawn him- 

 self from practice and from all further participation 

 in the fortunes of his royal master. During the 

 remainder of his life he was usually the guest of 

 one or other of his brothers, now men of wealth 

 and high standing in the city ; and it was at the 

 country-house of one of them that Dr Ent visited 

 him at Christmas 1650, and after 'many diffi- 

 culties ' obtained from him the MS. of his work on 

 the generation of animals, which was published in 

 the following year, under the title of Exercitationes 

 de Generatione Animalium. 



From this period to the time of his death the 

 chief object wliich occupied his mind was the wel- 

 fare and improvement of the College of Physicians. 

 In 1654 he was elected president of the college, 

 but he declined the office on account of his age 

 and infirmities. In July 1656 he resigned his 

 Lumleian lectureship, which he had held for more 

 than forty years ; and in taking leave of the col- 

 lege presented to it his little patrimonial estate at 

 Burwash, in Kent. He did not long survive, but, 

 worn out by repeated attacks of gout, died at 

 London on the 3d June 1657, and was buried in a 

 vault at Hempstead, near Saffron Walden, in 

 Essex. On 18th October 1883, at the cost of the 

 Royal College of Physicians, his remains were 

 removed from the dilapidated vault, and with 

 befitting solemnity reinterred in a marble sarco- 

 phagus in the Harvey Chapel attached to the 

 same church. 



Harvey's works in Latin were published in 1766 ; a 

 translation by Dr Willis in 1847 (new ed. 1881); and 

 his Prcelectiones A cadcmicce by a committee of the Royal 

 College of Physicians in 1887. See Willis's Life of 

 Harvey (1878), Huxley at the Tercentenary (Nature, 

 1878), and D'Arcy Power (1897). A statue of Harvey 

 Was erected at Folkestone in 1881. 



Harwich, a municipal borough, seaport, and 

 market-town of Essex, is situated on a promontory 



