HARZ MOUNTAINS 



HASHISH 



679 



at the influx of the continent Stour and Orwell to 

 tin- -'-a, 71 miles by rail NE. of London. South- 

 ward of Harwich is the watering-place of Dover- 

 court, with a sea-wall 2 miles long. The chief 

 industries are shipbuilding, li-liin^r, and the inanu- 

 iacture m cement. Steamers run daily to Ipswich, 

 iiinl there are regular lines of packets to Antwerp, 

 Rotterdam, London, &c. The harbour is capa- 

 cious, safe, and commodious, having been much 

 improved since 1844. It is defended by a battery, 

 and, on the Suffolk side, by Landguard Port, which 

 dates from the reign of James I. So great have 

 been the encroachments made by the sea on the 

 promontory on which Harwich stands that two 

 jetties or groins, 1350 and 1000 feet long respec- 

 tively, were undertaken in 1863 to break the force 

 of the waves, and these have proved very success- 

 ful. From the 14th century till 1867 Harwich 

 returned two members, and from then till 1885 one. 

 Pop. (1851)4451; (1881)7810; (1891)8191. 



Harz Mountains a mountain-range of Ger- 

 many, extending between the rivers Weser and 

 Kll.e, south of Brunswick, with a length of 57 miles, 

 a breadth of 20, and a superficial area of 784 sq. 

 in. It forms an elevated plateau, rising on most 

 sides somewhat steeply from the plains, and ridged 

 with irregular and in some parts forest-clad moun- 

 tains. The range, which is divided into Upper and 

 Lower Harz, the average elevations of which are 

 2100 and 1000 feet respectively, is composed for 

 the most part of rocks belonging to the Devonian 

 and Lower Carboniferous formations, and broken 

 through in a few places by granite, as in the 

 Brocken (q.v.), the highest peak (3740 feet) of 

 central Germany. The Harz are exceedingly rich 

 in metals and minerals, as silver, iron, lead, copper, 

 zinc, marble, alabaster, and granite. These moun- 

 tains form a natural line of division between the Low 

 German and the High German races. Industries 

 connected with the mines and the forests, as well as 

 some cattle-breeding and agriculture, afford em- 

 ployment to the inhabitants. The rearing of sing- 

 ing-birds is also a source of profit. The Harz 

 Mountains are the scenes of many of the weird 

 legendary tales of German literature. 



Hasdrilbal ('he whose help is Baal'), the 

 name of several Carthaginian generals, of whom 

 the most famous was the son-in-law of Hamilcar 

 Barca (q.v.). In 237 B.C. he accompanied Hamil- 

 car into Spain, and gave that general most effective 

 aid in the work of building up a Carthaginian 

 dominion in the Peninsula. On the death of 

 Hamilcar in 228 B.C. the task of administering and 

 extending the new empire devolved on Hasdrubal, 

 who advanced the Carthaginian frontier from the 

 It. i 'tis (the Guadalquivir ) to the Tagus, and 

 founded a new capital, Nova Carthago (the modern 

 Cartagena), a city with the best harbour on the 

 south-east coast of Spain, and situated in the 

 vicinity of rich silver-mines. Hasdrubal proved 

 himself an admirable administrator. He was 

 remarkably successful in conciliating the Iberian 

 tribes, and extended his rule mainly by peaceful 

 means. So independent was he of the home govern- 

 ment that the Romans made a treaty in which the 

 Kbro was fixed on as the frontier line, not with 

 Carthage, but with Hasdrubal. In the eighth year 

 of his command, 221 B.C., he was assassinated by a 

 Celtic slave. Another Hasdrubal was the son of 

 Iliimilcjir Harca, and the brother of Hannibal (q.v.). 

 He defeated Cneius Scipio in Spain in 212 B.C., and 

 in 208 marched through Gaul, to join his brother 

 Hannibal in Italy. He crossed the Alps in favour- 

 able weather, but, instead of pushing southward, 

 made a fatal delay at Placentia, and was surprised 

 and slain on the Metaurus in 207 B.c. A third 

 Hasdrubal was one of Hannibal's principal officers 



in the Italian campaigns. He made a brilliant 

 charge at the battle of Cannu-, which contributed 

 greatly to decide the fate of the day. A fourth 

 general of the same name defended Carthage against 

 the Romans dining the Me-.- which ended in the 

 city's destruction in 146 u.c. He is accused of 

 cowardice and cruelty, and of having starved the 

 citizens while himself living in revelry. 



II use, KARL AUGUST VON. a celebrated German 

 theologian, was born at Steinbach, in Saxony, 25th 

 August 1800. After being expelled from Erlangen 

 University for his connection with the political 

 students' unions called the ' Burschenschaften,' he 

 became in 1823 a university tutor at Tubingen, but 

 after a new investigation wan imprisoned for ten 

 months in the fortress of Hohenasperg. He settleil 

 at Leipzig in 1829, and in the following year was 

 called to Jena as professor of Theology. Here he 

 remained till his retirement in 1883, when, after 

 sixty years of teaching, he was ennobled, and 

 appointed a privy-councillor. His chief writings 

 are Des alien Pfarrers Testament ( 1824) ; Lehrbnck 

 der Evangelise hen Dogmatik (1826 ; 6th ed. 1870); 

 Gnosis (3 vols. 1826-28; 2d ed. 1870); Hntteru* 

 redivivus (1828; 12th ed. 1883), which was an 

 able attempt to present dogmatic theology in the 

 form that Hutter would have chosen, had he been 

 living in the present century, and involved him in 

 a long controversy with Kohr, the exponent of 

 'vulgar-rationalism;' Das Leben Jesu (1829; 5th 

 ed. 1865); Kirchengeschichte(l834; llth ed. 1886); 

 Die beiden Erzbischqfe (1839); Neue Propheten 

 (1851 ; 2d ed. 1860); a life of St Francis (1856); 

 a handbook of Protestant polemical theology 

 (1863); a life of St Catharine of Siena (1864); 

 Geschichte Jesu (1876); Des Kulturkampfes Ende 

 (1879); and lectures on church history (1880V 

 He subsequently began the publication of a church 

 history based on his university lectures ( 1885 

 et sea.). His autobiography down to 1830 is en- 

 titled Ideale und Irrthiimer (1872; 2d ed. 1873). 

 Hase was called the Nestor of modern scientific 

 j theology. He did great service in the reconcilia- 

 tion of the church's faith to modern thought, and 

 was an equally resolute and effective opponent of 

 orthodoxv on the one hand and rationalism on the 

 other. He died 3d January 1890. 



Haselrig (otherwise HESILRIGE or HAZLE- 

 RIGG), SIR ARTHUR, one of the Five Memljers 

 (q.v.), commanded a noted regiment of cuirassiers 

 called the ' Lobsters ' on the side of the Parlia- 

 ment, took an active part in the House of Com- 

 mons in connection with the militia and other 

 bills, and was governor of Newcastle, but in 1660 

 acquiesced with Monk in the Restoration. He 

 died shortly after. 



Hashish, from which the word assassin is de- 

 rived, is an Arabian preparation of Indian hemp, 

 known in India as bhang or siddhi. It consists 

 chiefly of the leaves and stalks of Cannabis indica. 

 The medicinal value of the preparations of Indian 

 hemp is treated in another article (see under Hemp, 

 page 640). It is the physiological action which will 

 now be specially noticed. The drug is used in the 

 East in various ways. Sometimes it is smoked 

 alone or with tobacco. At other times beverages 

 are prepared from it, or it is taken in the form of 

 lozenges or electuaries. The majoon of Calcutta, 

 the mapouchari of Cairo, and the dauttmex or 

 i/mramesc of the Arabs are preparations of this 

 kind. The effects differ according to the dose and 

 the idiosyncrasy of the individual. Some become 

 pugnacious, while others fall into a state of reverie. 

 After small doses there is a great tendency to cause- 

 less merriment. In most cases there is an extra- 

 ordinary susceptibility to hallucinations of various 

 kinds, their nature depending largely on the cast 



