586 



HAUSSA 



disproved the imputation by documentary evidence. 

 See Eliz. G. Evans's monograph (1892). 



llanssa, or HOUSSA, a people of the Soudan, 

 who have been conquered by the Fulbe, and now 

 constitute the larger part of the population in 

 Sokoto, Adamawa, and Gando (q.v. ). Whether 

 they are of pure Negro race, or an immigrant wave 

 of ancient Hamitic stock, now indistinguishable 

 from the Negroes, is not yet fully determined. 

 Their language is allied in its grammatical forms 

 with the Hamitic tongues to the east and north, 

 Avhilst its vocabulary resembles in many points 

 that of the neighbouring Negro tribes. At any- 

 rate the Haussa language is the common medium 

 of communication in the commercial world of cen- 

 tral Soudan, and is spoken by 15,000,000 between 

 the Mediterranean and the Gulf of Guinea. An 

 association for the study of Haussa in England was 

 founded in 1895. The Haussa themselves are keen 

 traders, occupy themselves with agriculture and 

 industrial pursuits, and are great slave-traders. 

 They have adopted Islam from their conquerors. 

 Many of them are employed as armed constabulary 

 in the Gold Coast colonies. See Robinson's Halissa- 

 land (1896) ; AFRICA, FULAHS, BORNU, KANO. 



Haussmann, GEORGE EUGENE, who as pre- 

 fect of the Seine did so much for the improvement 

 and embellishment of Paris between 1853 and 

 1870, was born in that city on 27th March 1809. 

 Entering the public service under Louis-Philippe, 

 he distinguished himself in various parts of 

 France, and under Napoleon III. rose to be pre- 

 fect of the Seine (1853). Then it was that he 

 began his task of improving the outward appear- 

 ance of Paris by widening streets, laying out 

 boulevards and parks, building sewers, barracks, 

 bridges, and similar public works. For these 

 great services he was made baron and senator. 

 But the heavy financial burdens (35,000,000) which 

 these improvements laid upon the citizens was the 

 cause of Haussmann's dismissal from office in 1870. 

 In the following year he was, however, appointed 

 director of the Cr6d.it Mobilier, and in 1881 was 

 elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies. 

 ' Haussniannizing ' has become a term for the reck- 

 less destruction of ancient buildings to make way 

 for new streets. Died January 12, 1891. See his 

 Memoires by Havard (4 vols. 1890 et seq. ). 



Hantbois. See OBOE. 



Haut Garonne. See GARONNE (HAUTE). 



Haut It hin. See BELFORT, RHINE. 



Hatty, RENE JUST, a French mineralogist, was 

 born at St Just, department Oise, 28th February 

 1743, studied for the church, and took priest's 

 orders. His attention was first turned to botany, 

 and it was not until middle life that he commenced 

 the study of mineralogy. He is the discoverer of 

 the geometrical law of crystallisation, and he also 

 considerably enriched our knowledge of pyro-elec- 

 tricity. After occupying several important posts, 

 such as commissioner of weights and measures, 

 curator of the cabinet of mines, and professor of 

 mineralogy, he died on 3d June 1822. His most 

 important works, besides an essay on crystals and 

 a treatise on electricity, are Traite de Mineralogie 

 (2 vols. 1801), Traits Jtl6mentair6.de Physique 

 (2 vols. 1803), Traite des Caracteres Physiques des 

 Pier res Precieuses (1817), and Traite de Cristallo- 



S-aphie (2 vols. 1822). His brother VALENTIN 

 AUY (1745-1822) devoted his life to the education 

 of the Blind ( q. v. ). He wrote Essai sur V Education 

 des Aveugles ( 1786). 



Hauyne, a rock -forming mineral, having 

 approximately the same composition as Nosean. 

 The two are probably only varieties of one and 

 the same mineral. They are anhydrous silicates of 



HAVEL 



alumina and soda, or alumina and lime, with 

 sodium and calcium sulphate. They crystallise in 

 isometric forms, and have a hardness = 5-5 '5, and 

 a specific gravity = 2 '2 -2 '5. Hauyne is usually 

 bright blue to bluish-green, while Nosean is gener- 

 ally gray, but sometimes greenish or even dark 

 brown. They are essentially of volcanic origin, 

 occurring as constituents of many recent lavas. 



Havana, or HAVANNAH (properly 'San Chris- 

 tobal de la Habana'), capital of the island of Cuba, 

 on the north side of which it is situated, is the 

 principal centre of commerce in the West In- 

 dies. Access is obtained to its magnificent well- 

 sheltered harbour by a channel 350 yards wide, the" 

 entrance to which is defended by several forts. 

 The streets of the older part of the town, which 

 until 1863 was enclosed within walls, are narrow 

 and dirty, and the harbour has been for generations 

 polluted by the town sewage. With this older part 

 the more modern portion lying to the west is con- 

 nected by broad tree-shaded avenues and gardens. 

 The houses, which are low, are solidly built of 

 stone, have flat roofs, verandas, and barred windows 

 reaching dt>wn to the ground, and are gay with 

 paint and white marble decorations. The most 

 noteworthy of the public buildings are the cathedral, 

 built in the old Spanish style in 1724, and the hos- 

 pital 'Beneficencia,' which contains also orphan 

 and lunatic asylums and a poorhouse ; the bones of 

 Columbus (q.v. ) were removed from the cathedral to 

 Spain in 1898. The public institutions include an 

 arsenal, a botanical garden, a university (with 

 about 300 students), a cadet school, a technical 

 school, and some fine theatres. It is the seat of 

 the governor of the island and of a bishop. Yellow 

 fever is prevalent during the summer months. The 

 population in 1899 was over 240,000. The staple 

 industry of the place is cigar-making ; sugar and 

 tobacco are the staple products ; molasses, rum, 

 wax, and honey are also exported. Before the 

 ruinous war of 1895-98 the exports had an annual 

 value of 12,000,000, the imports of 10,000,000. 

 The chief imports are rice, lard, flour, jerked beef, 

 cod-fish, and coal. The United States take 90 per 

 cent, of the exports, bring 20 per cent, of the 

 imports, and trade is had with Great Britain, Spain, 

 France, Germany, &c. ; connection is made by 

 steamer with several ports of the United States, 

 and by coastwise steamer and railway with the 

 other towns of the island. Havana was origin- 

 ally founded on the south coast, near the modern 

 Baracfia, by Diego Velasquez in 1515, but four 

 years later was transferred to its present site. In 

 the course of its unfortunate history it was burned 

 to the ground by buccaneers in 1528, plundered by 

 another band in 1555, and captured by a third in 

 1563, and again by the English in 1762. In the 

 17th century, however, it was made the chief 

 emporium of Spanish trade in the West Indies and 

 the point of rendezvous for the Spanish gold fleets. 



Havant, a market-town of Hampshire, 8 miles 

 NE. of Portsmouth. Tanning and matting are the 

 chief industries. Pop. of parish, (1891 ) 3468. 



Havas Agency, an organisation in Paris, 

 founded by a rich merchant, Charles Havas, in the 

 reign of Louis-Philippe, for the purpose of gathering 

 telegraphic news and supplying it to newspapers. 

 It was in 1879 converted into a company. 



Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, which has its 

 origin in a small lake in Mecklenburg, flows south- 

 ward past Spandau to Potsdam, and thence west 

 to Brandenburg, and finally north-west to its 

 junction with the Elbe, opposite the town of 

 Werben. It passes through several lakes and 

 canals on its way. Its entire length is 220 miles ; 

 it is navigable to within 15 miles of its source ; its 

 drainage basin measures 10,160 sq. m. Its most 



