588 



HAVRE 



HAWAII 



exclusive of 3112 (French) vessels of 379,777 tons 

 and 3456 of 532,911 tons, in 1886 and 1888 respec- 

 tively, engaged in the coasting trade. The chief 

 imports are coals, wheat, cotton, dyewoods, coffee, 

 hides, petroleum, wool, palm-oil, alcohol, cocoa, 

 and sugar. The exports consist principally of 

 woollen and cotton goods, potatoes, salt, butter, 

 paper, silks and ribbons, china-ware, eggs, and 

 ochre, in addition to 1J million gallons of wine 

 and nearly 280,000 worth of millinery. The 

 customs duties levied amounted to 2,125,696 in 

 1888. Havre possesses excellent harbour accom- 

 modation, having nine separate dock basins (the 

 ninth completed in 1887), with an area of 174 acres 

 and 36,400 feet of quays. The port is very greatly 

 handicapped in the struggle for commercial success 

 by the paucity of railway connection and the 

 height of the harbour dues. But the greatest 

 drawback is the difficult approach to the harbour 

 from the sea, owing to the shifting sandbanks that 

 lie in the estuary. A very comprehensive scheme 

 for improving the harbour and its approaches, 

 and the lower course of the Seine, was put for- 

 ward in 1889. It embraced the construction of 

 a capacious outer harbour, protected by break- 

 waters, and provided with a new entrance from 

 deep water, the building of protective dykes in 

 the estuary, and very extensive dredging opera- 

 tions for the purpose of deepening the Seine up to 

 Rouen. Meanwhile dredging is going on on a 

 large scale just outside the harbour. Two new 

 dry-docks were opened in 1889. Havre does not 

 possess a fishing fleet. It is one of the chief ports 

 in France from which emigrants set sail. The 

 average of 30,000 rose in 1888 to 38,000, nearly 

 one- third being French, with about the same 

 number of Italians and one-fifth Swiss. Two- 

 thirds were bound for the United States, the rest 

 for the Argentine Republic. Amongst the local 

 industries the first place is occupied by ship- 

 building. Next come machine-factories, cannon- 

 foundries, flour-mills, petroleum and sugar re- 

 fineries, and dye-works. Havre has a hydro- 

 graphical, an industrial, and a commercial school, 

 an influential chamber of commerce, and a tribunal 

 of commerce. Its notable buildings include the 

 16th-century church of Notre Dame, a museum, 

 a Renaissance town-house, a marine arsenal, &c. 

 There are statues to Bernardin de St Pierre and 

 Casimir Delavigne, both natives of Havre. The 

 sanitary condition of the town is not so good as it 

 should be. Nevertheless Havre is visited for its 

 sea-bathing. Pop. (1876)85,407; (1891) 116,369. 



Down to 1516 Havre was only a fishing-village. 

 Its history as a seaport dates from the reign of 

 Francis I., who built the harbour and fortified it. 

 Havre was held for some months in 1562 by the 

 English, who were expelled by Charles IX. after 

 a hot siege. Louis XIV. made it a strong citadel, 

 and it was several times bombarded by the English 

 in the 17th and 18th centuries. The town walls 

 were demolished in the middle of the 19th century. 

 Mdlle. de Scudery was born at Havre. See his- 

 tories by Morlent ( 1825) and Borely ( 1883). 



Hawaii, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, or SAND- 

 WICH ISLANDS, a small archipelago in the North 

 Pacific Ocean, formed of eight principal islands and 

 several minor islets, was discovered by Captain Cook 

 in 1778, and named SANDWICH ISLANDS, after 

 Lord Sand\yich, who was at that time First Lord 

 of the Admiralty. The islands, twelve in number, 

 form a rich, beautiful, and interesting chain which 

 runs from south-east to north-west, and lies in 

 19 to 22 N. lat. and 155 to 160 W. long. Their 

 total area is about 7000 sq. m., or about that of 

 Wales. The names and areas of the eight princi- 

 pal islands (the other four being merely barren 

 rocks) are as follows: Hawaii (the 'Owhyhee'of 



Captain Cook), 4210 sq. m. ; Maui, 760; Oahu, 

 600 ; Kauai, 590 ; Molokai ( the ' Lepers' Island ' ), 

 270; Lanai, 150; Kahulaui, 63; Niihau, 97. 



TO^aa*- 



Lana 



MAUI 



'aunaHaleakala 



Upolu C. 



Kawaih 



MaunaHualalalw. 



Kailus 



HAWAII 



English Miles 

 p ,20,4.0.60,80 190 

 160 



South C. 



Hawaii is the southernmost of the group ; it is in 

 shape a rough triangle, with the apex pointing 

 north-west. 



Geography, Mountains, Rivers, &c. The Ha- 

 waiian Islands are situated on the course of ships 

 passing from San Francisco and Vancouver Island 

 to China and Japan, as well as to New Zealand 

 and Australia. They lie in mid-ocean, between 

 the coasts of Asia and America, but are nearer to 

 the American coast, from which they are about 

 2100 miles distant ; they consequently form a con- 

 venient station for the coaling and repairing of 

 vessels on their way across the Pacific. The 

 islands are of volcanic origin, with coral-reefs 

 partly lining most of them, but entirely encircling 

 none. They suffer from want of good harbours, 

 the best being the harbour of Honolulu, situated 

 on the island of Oahu, with 22 feet of water 

 in its shallowest parts. This harbour, which is 

 entered through a narrow channel in the reef, is 

 the only really well-protected harbour in the group ; 

 during the time of the trade-winds, however, which 

 blow from north-east to south-west for about nine 

 months in the year, the roadsteads on the south 

 shores of the islands afford safe anchorage almost 

 anywhere. The larger islands are mountainous, 

 and contain some of the largest volcanoes, both 

 active and extinct, in the world. The two highest 

 mountains, Mauna-Kea and Mauna-Loa, are in 

 the island of Hawaii, and are 13,805 and 13,675 

 feet high respectively. This island is also traversed 

 by other mountains, which give it a rugged and 

 picturesque appearance, and in places bold cliffs 

 from 1000 to 3000 feet high front the sea. Speak- 

 ing generally, however, the high ground in each 

 of the islands is in the centre, and the mountains 

 are divided by rich valleys leading down to a, 

 sandy shore. On the eastern slope of Mauna-Loa, 

 in Hawaii, is the far-famed Kilauea, the largest 

 active volcano in the world. It is over 4000 feet 

 above sea-level. Its crater is of oval shape, 9 

 miles in circumference, bounded by a range of 

 cliffs, and containing within it a fiery lake of 

 molten lava rising and falling like the waves of the 

 sea. Mauna-Loa itself is an active volcano, the 

 scene of various eruptions, notably of one in 

 February 1877, when the glare is said to have been 

 plainly visible on Maui, 80 miles distant ; the latest 

 eruption occurred so lately as 1899. On Maui is 

 the crater of Haleakala ('house of the sun'), 

 by far the largest known in the world. It is 

 from 25 to 30 miles in circumference, from 2000 

 to 3000 feet deep, and is 10,032 feet above sea- 

 level. Within this huge gulf are about sixteen 

 basins of old volcanoes, whose ridges form con- 

 centric circles. Several of the islands, especially 

 Hawaii and Kauai, are well supplied with rivers. 



