590 



HAWARDEN 



HAWKE 



of Hawaii ; the Japanese, Chinese, and Portuguese 

 formed over 78 per cent, of the foreign element, 

 and Americans, British, and Germans less than 9 

 per cent. The census of 1900 gave the following fig- 

 ures : Hawaii, 46,843; Kauai, 20,562; Niihau, 

 172; Maui, 25,416; Molokai and Lanai, 2504; 

 Oahu, 58,504. The natives belong to the brown 

 Polynesian stock, and are akin to the New Zea- 

 land Maoris in race and language. They were 

 once far more numerous than at present, having, 

 it is said, at the time of Captain Cook's visit 

 numbered probably some 200,000. There is no 

 doubt that they nave rapidly decreased, while 

 the number of foreigners in the islands is con- 

 tinually increasing. Physically the Hawaiians are 

 a remarkably fine and handsome race. In char- 

 acter they are indolent, joyous, and contented. 

 The dress of the native men, where they have not 

 adopted ' civilised ' attire, consists merely of a wide 

 strip of cloth round the loins, while the native 

 women dress in a long ungirdled gown ( ' holoku ' ) 

 reaching from the neck to the ankles. Excellent 

 day-schools have been established all over the 

 islands, and there are very few natives who cannot 

 read and write in their own language. 



The decrease of the population is probably due 

 in part at anyrate to the introduction of foreign 

 diseases. At the present time, however, the disease 

 most rife among the people is leprosy. It was 

 not till the year 1865 that the Hawaiian govern- 

 ment set aside the island of Molokai for the segrega- 

 tion of lepers in order to prevent to some extent 

 the further spread of this terrible malady. Here 

 they lived in a state of abject misery until the 

 arrival of Father Damien (q. v.), whose work was 

 taken up by others after his death in 1889. The 

 prevention of leprosy is now attracting the serious 

 attention of the Hawaiian government and their 

 board of health ; large numbers of lepers have 

 been removed to the Molokai settlement, where 

 over 1000 live. 



See Mrs Bishop, Six Months in the Sandwich Islandt 

 (1875) ; Miss Gordon dimming, Fire Mountains (1883) ; 

 J. D. Dana, Hawaiian Volcanoes ( 1890 ) ; Sauvin, Un 

 Eoyaume Polynesien ( 1893 ) ; Guillemard, Malaysia and 

 the Pacific Archipelagoes (in Stanford's 'Compendium,' 

 2d ed. 1895); Staley, Five Years' Church Work in 

 Hawaii; Manley Hopkins, Hawaiian Islands; Thrum, 

 Hawaiian Almanac and Annual ; the Narrative of the 

 Cruise of the Challenger ; the Statesman's Year-book, &c. 



II a warden (pronounced Harden), a small 

 market-town of Flintshire, North Wales, 7 miles 

 W. of Chester. There are some manufactures of 

 tiles, pottery, &c. Lady Hamilton passed her 

 girlhood here. The church, almost destroyed by 

 fire in 1857, was restored from designs by Sir 

 G. G. Scott. Hawarden Castle, Mr Gladstone's 

 seat, dates from 1752. The park contains the 

 ruined keep of a 13th-century castle commanding 

 a fine view of the Dee. Pop. of parish, 7057. 



II awash, a river of Abyssinia (q.v.). 



llaw'S, STEPHEN, born probably in Suffolk, 

 was groom of the chamber to Henry VII. , and wrote, 

 besides some half-dozen other works in prose and 

 verse (now bibliographical rarities), The Passetyme 

 of Pleasure (first printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 

 1509), a prolix poem not without fine stanzas, 

 Avhich doubtless helped to inspire Spenser. There 

 have been reprints in 1831, 1845, &c. Hawes died 

 probably in 1523. 



Hawfinch ( Coccothraustes vulgaris), a bird of 

 the Grosbeak (q.v.) genus and the Finch family 

 (Fringillidae). It is considerably larger than the 

 chaffinch ; the adult male has the crown and back 

 chestnut-brown, the neck and breast pale brown, 

 the neck crossed at the back by a broad band of 

 ash colour, wings partly black, greater wing-coverts 



grayish- white, lesser wing-coverts black or blackish- 

 brown. The hawlinch is a very shy bird, perching 

 on the topmost branches of trees, or on open boughs 

 where it can command a good lookout, and avoid- 

 ing man unless subdued by the effects of hunger or 

 cold. It is gregarious. It feeds on the fruit of the 

 hornbeam, plum, pine, cherry, laurel, holly, haw- 

 thorn, &c. It is not uncommon in some parts of 

 England, but is rare in Scotland. It is widely 

 distributed over Europe and the temperate parts of 

 Asia, and is said to be found in Egypt. 



II a wick, a manufacturing town of Roxburgh- 

 shire, at the confluence of the Slitrig with the 

 Teviot, 52 miles by rail SSE. of Edinburgh and 45 

 NNE. of Carlisle. Built in and round a hollow, with 

 villas and mansions above, it is a place of hoar 

 antiquity, but bears few traces thereof beyond the 

 Moat, an artificial earthen mound 30 feet high and 

 312 in circumference, and part of the Tower Hotel, 

 which, once the peel-tower of the Drumlanrig 

 Douglases, and later a residence of Monmouth's- 

 widowed duchess, was the only building not burned 

 by the Earl of Sussex in 1570. In the neighbour- 

 hood are Branxholm and Harden, old homes of the 

 Scotts ; and, older than either, there is the refrain 

 of the June Common -riding song, ' Teribus ye Teri 

 Odin,' which carries us back to days of heathendom. 

 Else, all is modern the handsome municipal 

 building (1885); the churches, more than a dozen 

 in number, and the oldest (1214) rebuilt in 1763? 

 the splendid water-supply (1865-82); and the 

 hosiery and tweed mills, to which, with dye-works, 

 tanneries, &c., Hawick owes its prosperity. The 

 hosiery manufacture dates from 1771, and that of 

 shepherds' plaids, tweeds, blankets, &c. from 1830. 

 The ancient municipal constitution of the burgh, 

 based on a charter granted by Sir James Douglas, 

 of Drumlanrig in 1537, and confirmed by Queen 

 Mary in 1545, was reformed by special act of par- 

 liament in 1861 ; and since 1867 Hawick, Selkirk, 

 and Galashiels ( the Border burghs ) have returned 

 one member. Pop. (1861) 10,401; (1881) 16,184; 

 (1891) 19,204. See two works by James Wilson 

 (1850-58), and Mrs. Oliver's Upper Teviotdale and 

 the Scotts of Buccleuch (1887). 



Hawk, a name often given to almost all the Fal- 

 conidse, except the largest eagles, but also used in 

 a more restricted sense to designate the Accipitrine 

 section of the family, and for the most part refer- 

 able either to the goshawks (Astur) or the sparrow- 

 hawks (Accipiter). Unlike the true falcons, they 

 have an untoothed bill. The wings are short* 

 somewhat rounded, and very concave beneath, and 

 while the flight is rapid it is without much power 

 of soaring or gliding. See FALCONID^E, GOSHAWK^ 

 SPARROW-HAWK. 



Hawkbit (Leontodon), a genus of plants of 

 weedy aspect belonging to the natural order Com- 

 positse, closely related to and formerly united 

 with Dandelion (q.v.), from which it has been 

 separated on account of the feathery pappus. The 

 name is due to the deep tooth-like lacerations of 

 the leaves. Several species are natives of Britain, 

 and these, along with a few others comprised in 

 the genus, are widely distributed in Europe and 

 Russian Asia. 



llawke, SIR EDWARD, LORD HAWKE OF 

 TOWTON (1705-81), was the son of a lawyer of 

 good middle-class stock. He was born in 1705 

 in London, and entered the navy Avhile very 

 young. The long quiet which followed the peace 

 of Utrecht gave him no opportunity of seeing 

 active service. He, however, attained the rank of 

 commander in 1733. In 1744 he commanded the 

 Berwick (70 guns) in the fleet under Admiral 

 Mathews which was lying at Hyeres Bay to watch 

 the combined French and Spanish fleets in Toulon. 



