592 



HAWKERS 



HAWKINS 



in Cornwall ( 1870) was a collection of miscellaneous 

 papers on local traditions. None of Hawker's 

 poems is better known than his spirited ballad based 

 on the old Cornish refrain 'And shall Trelawney 

 die ? ' which both Sir Walter Scott and Lord Mac- 

 aulay took at first for a genuine antique. 



Hawker's wife died in February 1863 a blow 

 which drove him to melancholy and opium, from 

 which he was saved only by his marriage ( Decem- 

 ber 1864) to Miss Pauline Kuczynski, daughter of 

 a Polish refugee by an English mother, and then a 



governess in a clerical friend's house. She bore 

 im three daughters, and nursed his declining 

 years with rare devotion. Hawker died at Ply- 

 mouth, 15th August 1875, having been admitted 

 less than twelve hours before to the Roman Cath- 

 olic communion. 



The biography by the Rev. S. Baring-Gould, The Vicar 

 of Morwenstow (1876), was severely attacked by some 

 critics, and certainly contains irrelevances enough ; much 

 less satisfactory, however, is the Memorials of the late 

 Rev. R. S. Hawker, by the Rev. F. G. Lee (1876). A 

 complete edition of Hawker's poems was edited, with a 

 sensible short life, by his friend J. G. Godwin in 1879. 



Hawkers, also called PEDLARS, or PETTY 

 CHAPMEN, persons Avho go from town to town, or 

 door to door, selling goods, wares, or merchandise, 

 or exercising their skill in handicraft. A consider- 

 able change has been made by recent legislation in 

 regard to this class. Those pedlars exercising 

 their calling entirely on foot have been separately 

 dealt with from hawkers who employ one or more 

 beasts of burden in their business. The foot-pedlars 

 are placed under the surveillance of the police, 

 and are exempt from excise duty. Under the 

 Pedlars Act, 1871, any person whatever who can 

 satisfy the chief officer of police of the police 

 district in which he resides that he is of good 

 character, is above seventeen years of age, and has 

 resided during the previous month in the district, 

 will receive, on due application, a certificate valid 

 for a year, on payment of five shillings. The 

 Pedlars Act, 1881, provides that such a certificate 

 shall entitle the holder to exercise his calling in 

 any part of the United Kingdom. The police have 

 power at any time to open and search the packs, 

 &c. of any certificated pedlar, with a view to pre- 

 vent dishonesty and smuggling, &c., for which 

 they have much opportunity. They have an appeal 

 to the local Justice of Peace and other courts 

 against oppression by the police. 



Hawkers who use beasts of burden, and hawkers 

 who go from place to place, hiring rooms or booths 

 for the exhibition of their wares, are in a different 

 category. The Hawkers Act, 1888, requires them 

 to take out an annual or half-yearly license from 

 the excise, which is valid all over the kingdom. 

 These licenses are at the rate of 2 per annum ; new 

 licenses are granted only on a certificate of good 

 character. A hawker is in no case entitled to 

 sell spirits, but he may sell tea and coffee. He 

 must not sell plated goods without taking out a 

 plate license, nor must he sell by auction without 

 an auctioneer's license. Any person hawking un- 

 provided with a license, or who refuses to produce 

 the license to any person who calls for it, is liable 

 to penalties under the Act of 1888. Commercial 

 travellers, book-agents, sellers of fruit, fish, victuals, 

 or coal, also sellers in fairs or markets legally 

 established, do not require either licenses or certi- 

 ficates, though it must be sometimes difficult to 

 define whether a seller comes within the category 

 of a pedlar or hawker. 



In the United States hawkers are generally 

 required to take out licenses, under the local laws 

 of the several states, the charges of course varying. 

 Moreover, in some states and territories, as Florida 

 and Arizona, and in the District of Columbia, 



' drummers ' or commercial travellers must pay a 

 license of from $25 to $200 ; while in Pennsylvania 

 it is a misdemeanour to sell goods unless either 

 the agent or his principal be a taxpayer of the 

 state. But in many states no such law has ever 

 been enacted, and in others, as in Montana and 

 Nevada, similar acts, although on the statute-book, 

 are held to be unconstitutional and are not enforced. 



Hawke'S Bay, a provincial district of New 

 Zealand, on the east coast, between Auckland 

 and Wellington. Area, 4765 sq. m. ; pop. (1891) 

 28,506. It presents rich alluvial plains and undulat- 

 ing hills, with enormous forests. The bay known 

 as Hawke's Bay was first entered by Captain Cook 

 on 8th October 1769, and was so named after Sir 

 Edward Hawke, then First Lord of the Admiralty. 

 It is almost all suitable for farming, and the forests 

 are of enormous extent. Napier (q.v. ) is the port 

 and chief city. 



Hawkesbliry, a river of New South Wales, 

 rises in the Cullarin Range, and under the names 

 of Wollondilly and Nepean flows NE., then turns 

 as the Hawkesbury SE. , and enters the Pacific at 

 Broken Bay, about 20 miles NE. of Sydney. It has 

 a total length of 330 miles, and is navigable for 

 vessels of 100 tons as high as Windsor. The 

 Hawkesbury is crossed by a steel girder bridge 

 (1886-89) on the railway between Sydney and 

 Newcastle. It carries a double line of rails, and is 

 one of the largest structures of its kind in the 

 world, having seven spans of from 410 to 416 feet, 

 and a total length between abutments of 2900 feet. 

 The bridge completes the system of railway com- 

 munication between Brisbane and Adelaide. 



Hawkesworth, JOHN, miscellaneous writer, 

 was born in London, probably in 1715, but accord- 

 ing to another account in 1719. Little is known of 

 his early life, but he is said to have been apprenticed 

 successively to a clockmaker and to an attorney ; 

 and for his education he was mainly indebted to his 

 own perseverance. In 1744 he succeeded Dr John- 

 son on the Gentleman's Magazine; and in 1752 he 

 started, with Johnson and others, a successful 

 periodical called The Adventurer, half of whose 140 

 numbers were from Hawkesworth's own pen. As a 

 reward for its services in the cause of morality he 

 received from the Archbishop of Canterbury the 

 degree of LL.D. He afterwards published a volume 

 of fairy tales ( 1761 ), and an edition of Swift's works 

 and letters, with a Life that Johnson praised highly ; 

 and he was chosen by Captain Cook to prepare the 

 account of his first voyage, which formed vols. ii. 

 and iii. of Hawkesworth's Voyages (3 vols. 1773), 

 for which work the editor received 6000 from 

 government. He died on 17th November 1773. 

 Hawkesworth was too ardent an admirer of John- 

 son to attempt consciously to imitate him or to 

 avoid doing so unconsciously. Yet his chief service 

 to literature was that he introduced into the 

 popular oriental fictions of last century the ease of 

 familiar writing, and so put an end to the long 

 succession of dreary and bombastic narratives that 

 strutted far behind in the track of Rasselas. 

 Hawking. See FALCONRY. 

 Hawkins, SIR JOHN, an English navigator, 

 was born at Plymouth about 1520. He has the 

 unhappy distinction of being the first Englishman 

 that trafficked in slaves ( 1562). His ' commercial ' 

 career closed with his disastrous third voyage 

 ( 1567 ), after which we find him more honourably 

 employed. He was appointed treasurer of the navy 

 in 1573, knighted for his services against the 

 Spanish Armada in 1588, and for the rest of his life 

 was engaged in making havoc of the Spanish West 

 Indian trade. In 1595, along with his kinsman 

 Drake, he commanded an expedition directed 

 against the settlements in the Spanish Main, but 



