HAWKINS 



HAWKSIiKE 



died at Porto Kico. No\ ember 21, in the same year. 

 See Hakluyt's Vuyuyva (iii.) and Purchas's 1'U- 

 ijn niea ( iv. ). 



Hawkins, SIR .Ions, author of the History of 



, \\.-i-. liiini at Liiiiilmi, :>otli March 1719, the 

 MMI ui' ;i MII \r\or, un<l a descendant of the fainoiiH 

 uiliiiiral. I'.ied an attorney, he acquired a fortune 

 through his wife, and withdrew from professional 

 work ; and, becoming an active magistrate, was 

 knighted for his ser\ -ires in connection with riots in 

 17<i-i and 176!>. lit- collected a most valuable musi- 

 cal library, and after sixteen years of laborious 

 research produced in 1770 his General History of 

 the ,sV/V//<r ami /'rnrfin- nf Music, in 5 vols. quarto 

 a woik of admittedly great anil accurate scholar- 

 ship, somewhat unsystematic and tedious, and as a 

 literary performance decidedly inferior to Burney's 

 lli-tory ( which began to appear at the same time). 

 It was much abused and ridiculed, but is a work of 

 permanent value, and was reprinted in 2 vols. 

 in 1*70. In 1760 Hawkins issued an edition of 

 Walton's Amjler. An original member of Dr John- 

 son's Ivy lane Club, Hawkins became on John- 

 son's death his literary executor, and published in 

 1787 a Life of Dr Johnson and an edition of his 

 works. He died 21st May 1789. His son, John 

 Sidney, published a history of Gothic architecture ; 

 his daughter, L;etitia, her own Memoirs, with many 

 .anecdotes of Dr Johnson. 



llawk-lltoth (Sphingidce), a family of lepidop- 

 terous insects, forming along with the clear-winged 

 moths ( ./$geriid:t> ) and the hurnets and foresters 

 (Xygjenidm) the tribe Sphinges. They have stout 

 bodies, large heads with prominent eyes, and stout 

 short antenna;. The wings are long, narrow, more 

 or less pointed, and have always a retinaculum. 

 They are insects gener- 

 ally of rapid flight, and 

 fly about in the twi- 

 light ; some species also 

 during the day. Their 

 caterpillars aresixteen- 

 legged, flat, smooth, 

 often green, with trans- 

 verse stripes on the 

 sides and nearly always 

 a horn on the back of 

 the second last seg- 

 Caterpillar of Humming-bird ment. They change 

 Hawk-moth (Mucrcylossa to pupae either on the 

 surface of the ground 

 or in a cell under- 



ground which they form for the purpose. The 

 common species of the Humming-bird Hawk-moth 

 (Mucroglossa stellatarum) in Britain has brown 

 fore wings and reddish tawny hind wings, and, 

 unlike all other hawk-moths except the Bee Hawk- 

 moths ( Hainan's or ,sV\/V/ f/ic/fonnis and bombyli- 

 fi'i-ini.-i), has a spreading tuft of hairs at the end of 

 i he IK idy. Most of the foreign species are similarly 

 coloured; and some of the South American species 

 resemble hmnniing-hirds so closely that they cannot 

 on the wing l>e distinguished from them, the natives 

 tin-re and even educated whites firmly believing that 

 the one is transmutahle into the other. Smerinthus 

 is the only genus of the British hawk-moth with 

 dentated wings. One of the most remarkable hawk- 

 moths is the Death's-head (q.v.) 



(q. 



the largest moth found in Britain. It 

 sometimes measures nearly six inches across the 

 wings; the fore wings are brown, the hind wings 

 pale brown with black bands ; and on the back of 

 the thorax is a pattern in gray and black having 

 a certain resemblance to a skull. The Privet 

 Hawk-moth (Sphinx ligustri), the type of the 

 family, measures about four inches across the 

 fore wings, which are of a pale brown colour 

 946 



with darker markings ; the hind wings are pale 

 pink crossed by three black bands. It* green 

 caterpillar, \\itn white and lilac streaks on the 

 sides and a black burn on the back, feed* on 



Humming-bird and Humming-bird Hawk-moth 



(Macroglossa stcllatarum) ( after Bates ). 



privet and lilac, and the position it assumes when 

 resting suggested that of the mythological Sphinx 

 to the old naturalists, who applied this name to the 

 insect. 



Hawks, FRANCIS LISTER, an American clergy- 

 man, born at Newbern, North Carolina, 10th of 

 June 1798, practised law for a time with success, 

 but in 1827 was ordained to the Episcopal ministry. 

 He was professor of Divinity at Washington ( now 

 Trinity) College, Hartford, in 1830-31, and after- 

 wards rector of churches in New York, New Orleans, 

 and Baltimore. He died in New York, September 

 26, 1866. In 1836 he went to England, and there 

 obtained 18 folio vols. of MSS. relating to the Epis- 

 copal Church in America, of which he had l>een 

 appointed historiographer. In 1836-39 he published 

 2 vols. of Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History 

 of the United States, dealing with Virginia and 

 Maryland. Among his other works are a Com- 

 mentary on the Constitution and Canons ( 1841 ), and, 

 with Bishop Perry, Documentary History of the 

 Protestant Episcopal Church ( vols. i. and ii. 1863-64 ); 

 and he edited Alexander Hamilton's state-papers 

 (1842), Commodore Perry's Expedition to Jti/m/i 

 ( 1852-54), and Appleton's Cyclopedia of Biography 

 (1856). 



Hawksbeard (Crepis), a genus of annual and 

 biennial plants belonging to the natural order 

 Composite, so closely related to Hawkweed 

 ( Hieracium ) that some of the species are referred 

 to the one genus or the other according to the 

 peculiar views of individual botanists. The species 

 are widely distributed through Europe and Asia. 

 Doubtful medicinal properties have been ascril>ed 

 to several species, and C. lacera, a native of the 

 Apennines, is said to be poisonous. 



Hawksbee, or HAUKSBEE, FRANCIS, English 

 natural philosopher, was l>orn in the later half of 

 the 17th century, and died alnmt 1730. He was 

 admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society in 17i>-">, 

 and appointed curator of experiments to the society, 

 and in 1723 was elected assistant-secretary. He 

 carried further the tentative observations by Ill- 

 Gilbert and Boyle on the subject of electricity, and 

 by his experiments laid the scientific foundations of 

 that branch of knowledge. He contributed forty- 

 three memoirs to the Philosophical Trmtstif' 

 chiefly on chemistry and electricity, between 1704 

 and 1713. His chief independent work, published in 

 1709, was entitled Physico- Mechanical OtattrimMtt 

 on various Subjects ; touching Light and Electricity 

 producible on the Attrition of Bodies. He is also 

 well known as the improver of the earlier air-pumpe 



