HAY 



HAYDN 



.Vj7 



It is not allowed to lie long exposed to the nun, 

 but before evening is drawn together by rake- 

 into ii-iiul nnrs, which, if tin-re is any prospect i 

 .in' made up into small heaps or cocks. It in 

 . -pi-cad iut next niMiiiiii-, or on tin- return of 

 fa\omab|c weather; and when the operations arc 

 expedited by wind and sun, the hay will lie ready 

 fur i he lick h\ tin- M-coiid or third day. There is, 

 however, much diU'erenee in the time during which 

 the ha\ re(|iiires to lie out ; the bulk of the crop 

 and the (Duality of the land must be especially con- 

 sidered. When the graces are cut in bloom, as 

 they should lie, and het'ore their seed ripens and 

 their stems get tough and hard, they contain the 

 largest amount of moisture, and require careful 

 making, but produce then the most nutritive and 

 palatable hay. As soon as it is thoroughly dry it 

 should he put at once into the stack or rick, and 

 well .trodden down. A certain amount of heating 

 improves the flavour, and renders the hay more 

 palatahh 1 to every kind of stock. When, as is 

 sometimes the case, it is imperfectly made, or 

 picked up too soon, it gets overheated, and 

 beoomea dark brown or black, while its nutritive 

 properties are diminished ; it is, moreover, apt to 

 disagree with both horses and cattle, and can be 

 profitably used only when mixed with straw and 

 cut into chatT. Indeed it has been proved by 

 experiments that hay may be so damaged by bad 

 weather in the process of making as to be unable 

 to maintain, not to speak of increasing, the con- 

 dition of animals fed upon it. Hay put together 

 when damp from rain or dew does not heat, as it 

 iloes when it contains an undue amount of natural 

 moisture, but speedily moulds. When hay has 

 l>een weathered and injured by repeated rains, it 

 may be rendered more palatable by scattering a 

 little common salt or specially prepared spice over 

 the rick whilst it is being built. In Scotland, 

 eight or ten pounds of salt to the ton is used alike 

 for the clover and grass hay. In mid and southern 

 England the best nay is generally got up in June, 

 in Scotland not until the middle of July. The 

 crop averages from one to two tons per acre. Hay 

 that has stood for seed is tougher and less nutritive 

 than that cut earlier, for the sugar, gum, and 

 gluten of the matured seed have been abstracted 

 from the stems. See also SILAGE. 



Hay, JOHN, American author and diplomat, was 

 born at Salem, Indiana, October 8, 1838, graduated 

 from Brown University in 1858, and was admitted 

 to the Illinois bar in 1861. He became assistant 

 private secretary to President Lincoln, and served 

 for some months in the field during the war, receiving 

 the brevet of colonel. He was first secretary of lega- 

 tion at Paris in 1865-67 and Madrid in 1868-70, and 

 I'lmraf. d'affaires at Vienna in 18(57-68. From 1870 

 to 1875 he was on the staff of the New York Triln><', 

 and published his Pike County Ballads, including 

 'Little Breeches' anil 'Jim Bludsoe,' and ('n.stilidii 

 Days, in 1871 ; with J. G. Nicolay, he wrote a Life 

 of Lincoln (Centura Magazine, 1887-89; in book 

 form, 1891 ). He was first assistant secretary of 

 state in 1879-81, ambassador to Great Britain 

 in 1897-98, and became secretary of state in 

 1898. 



1 1. -ml en. FERDINAND VANDEVEER, LL.D., 



geologist, was born at Westlield, Massachusetts. 

 7th September 1829, studied at the Albany medical 

 college, and during the greater part of 1853-62 was 

 employed in surveys in the north-west. He served 

 as surgeon in the I'liion army during the war, and 

 filled the chair of Mineralogy and Geology in the 

 University of Pennsylvania from 1865 to 1872. In 

 1867-69 he carried out the geological survey of 

 Nebraska, and afterwards was director of the 

 geological survey of the territories of the United 



States, until in 1879 the various national surveys 

 \\.TC comhined in the geological survey of the 

 United State*. Till 1886 Dr Haydn n-maim-d 

 at (In- head of the Montana division. He died 22(1 

 December ISS7. Hi; published many papers, besides 

 numerous an<l valuable government reporte. 



II ay <1 II, JosKI'H, a German composer, was lorii 

 at the village of Kohrau, on the confines of Hun 

 gary and Austria, 1st April 1732. He was th son 

 of a poor wheelwright ; and manifesting great 

 musical talent, he was received at the age of oight 

 into the choir of the cathedral of St Stephen's, at 

 Vienna. Here he remained till his eighteenth 

 year, acquiring a practical rather than a theoreti- 

 cal knowledge of his art, by singing the music of 

 the best Italian and German religious composers. 

 In that year, however, his voice broke, and lie lost 

 his place as a chorister. He wandered about the 

 streets of Vienna, and earned a precarious liveli- 

 hood by playing the violin in serenading parties 

 and at dances. A charitable singer offered him a 

 lodging, which for a short while he availed himself 

 of. Ultimately, by the exercise of great thrift, he; 

 was enabled to' hire an attic and a piano ; then he 

 devoted all his leisure time to study. He bought by 

 accident the six sonatas of C. P. E. Bach at a cheap 

 bookstall, and the indefatigable study of them 

 revealed to him the possibility of new form in 

 music form which should IKJ the reaction against 

 the old contrapuntal style of J. S. Bach and 

 Handel, and which it became thenceforward his 

 mission to inaugurate. The main essentials of 

 this reaction were the abandonment of the fugue 

 form as the basis of musical composition, and the 

 substitution in its room of two free melodies as 

 themes for treatment, not necessarily constructed 

 in double counterpoint to one another. During 

 this period of assiduous study Haydn still kept up 

 his connection with the serenaders and dance- 

 players of Vienna, for whom he often now wrote 

 the music. One evening when playing a serenade 

 of his composition, along with other instru- 

 mentalists, under the window of Frau Kurz, the 

 wife of the theatrical manager of that name, her 

 husband was very much struck by the music, and 

 calling Haydn up, commissioned him to write an 

 opera as melodious as the serenade. This was the 

 beginning of his fortunes. His opera made him 

 acquainted with the poet Metastasio, at that time 

 a tutor in Vienna, by whom he was introduced to 

 the composer Porpora, and enabled to remedy the 

 deficiencies of an education principally obtained 

 hitherto through private study. 



In the later part of 1750 he composed his first 

 quartet for stringed instruments. In 1759 Count 

 Morzin engaged him as capellmeister. For Count 

 Morzin's orchestra Haydn wrote his First Sym- 

 phony in D. The once obscure musician was now 

 a popular music-master in Vienna. He married at 

 this time Maria Anna Keller, the daughter of a 

 wig-maker, who had l>een kind to him in his da\s 

 of penury. This union did not prove a happy one. 

 The circumstances of it were singular; he had 

 designed to marry the younger sister, but she had 

 determined to retire into a convent, and Haydn 

 was persuaded by the father to take the elder one 

 instead, for whom he had always entertained an 

 objection. ' It is nothing to her, said Haydn near 

 the close of his life, ' whether her husband be a cob- 

 bler or an artist.' Her sole ambition was to squan- 

 der Haydn's earnings. In 1760 Prince Esterha/v 

 offered him the post of vice-capellmeister. His 

 duties in this new situation were to conduct two 

 operas a week, for which he sometimes had to com- 

 pose the music, to conduct and compose for an 

 orchestral concert every afternoon, to have a fresh 

 composition for the prince's 4 reception ' every 

 morning, besides supplying the music for incidental 



