IIAYKS 



HAYNAU 



599 



malleable iron without loss by the use of the oxides 

 of iron, aa well as new processes in copper-smelt- 

 ing, the decomposition of alcohol, and ttie forma- 

 tion of chloroform, and made important investi- 

 gations into tin- properties of guano. He also 

 examined the constitution of Hea-water and fresh 

 water at various depths, prepared a report for the 

 navy department on the copper-sheathing of vessels, 

 a in! supplied a novel process for the manufacture 

 of saltpetre. Haves was for many years state 

 assayer of Massachusetts, and died in Brookline 

 there, 21st June 1882. 



Hayes, ISAAC ISRAEL, Arctic explorer, was 

 born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, 5th March 

 1832, graduated in medicine at the University of 

 Pennsylvania in 1853, and sailed as surgeon in the 

 Kane expedition in search of Franklin. The story 

 of his attempt to reach Upernivik in 1854 is told 

 in An Arctic Boat-journey (1860). In 1860-61 he 

 conducted a second expedition to the Arctic 

 regions ; and in 1869 he again visited Greenland. 

 His third voyage is described in The Land of 

 Desolation (1871 ). He was surgeon of volunteers 

 from 1862 to 1865, retiring with the brevet rank of 

 lieutenant-colonel ; and he served in the New 

 York assembly for five years. His Arctic work 

 was recognised by medals from the London and 

 Paris geographical societies. He died 17th Decem- 

 ber 1881. 



Hayes* RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD, nineteenth 

 president of the United States, was born at Dela- 

 ware, Ohio, 4th October 1822. He graduated at 

 Kenyon College, Ohio, in 1842 ; and, having 

 studied law at Harvard, he practised as a lawyer 

 at Cincinnati, 1849-61. In the civil war Hayes 

 served with distinction as an oflicer of volunteers, 

 being once severely wounded, and ultimately 

 attained the rank of brevet major-general. He was 

 returned to congress from Ohio in 1865 and 1866, 

 chosen governor of his state in 1867, and re-elected 

 in 1869 and again in 1875. In 1876 he was selected 

 as the Republican candidate for the presidency of 

 the United States, the Democratic candidate being 

 Samuel J. Tilden (q.v.). The election which fol- 

 lowed was notable for the exciting complications 

 and the period of tension and suspicion that en- 

 sued. In Louisiana two electoral boards were com- 

 missioned by rival claimants to the governorship, 

 and in some of the other states questions arose 

 touching the legality of the return of the Repub- 

 lican presidential debtors. Finally, an electoral 

 commission was created by act of congress, consist- 

 ing of live judges of the supreme court, five 

 senators, and five representatives. This body, 

 made up of eight Republicans and seven Demo- 

 crats, gave the disputed votes to Hayes, by a 

 majority of eight to seven. The electoral vote 

 was thus returned at 185 for Hayes against 184 

 for Tilden ; the popular vote, as counted, stood 

 4,284,265 for Tilden and 4,033,295 for Hayes. This 

 decision was generally acquiesced in, although the 

 conviction of the Democratic party that their candi- 

 date had been unjustly deprived of office remained 

 unshaken ; and as late as 1878 the Democratic 

 majority of a congressional committee of investiga- 

 tion issued a report declaring the action of the 

 returning boards in Louisiana and Florida to have 

 leen fraudulent. Under the Hayes administration 

 the country recovered much of its commercial pros- 

 perity, which had suffered severely in the financial 

 crash of 1873. Two features in Hayo s [policy 

 were reform of the civil service (in pursuance of 

 which he removed from the collectorslup of customs 

 at New York Chester Alan Arthur, o.v.) and the 

 conciliation of the southern states. He was aUo 

 active in pressing forward the resumption of specie 

 payments ; but the bill for the monetisation of 



silver wan carried in 1878 again* t hi* veto. Died 

 January 17, 1893. Bee Life by Stoddard (1889). 



Hayeglne, also called BORATE OF LIME and 

 ULEXITE, is a boronatrocalcite, a double salt of 

 sodium and calcium, found in Peru, Chili, &c., and 

 is a source of Boracic Acid (q.v.). 



Hay-fever* also called HAY -ASTHMA and 

 SUMMER-CATARRH, a disease mostly met with in 

 early summer, has as symptoms those of a common 

 catarrh viz. redness and swelling of the nasal 

 mucous membrane, with a copious watery dis- 

 charge and repeated paroxysms of sneezing, irri- 

 tation of the eyes, and intense headache. There 

 are also present general malaise, loss of appetite, 

 and more or less feverishness ; and difficulty of 

 breathing is added when the bronchial mucous 

 membrane is affected. Hay-fever is most com- 

 monly a disease of adult life, but it may occur at 

 all ages. It usually returns annually when the 

 patient is subjected to the exciting cause, which is 

 oftenest in the form of floating pollen of different 

 grasses, although other things such as dust or 

 bright sunlight may set up an attack. Three 

 factors essential to the production of hay-fever are 

 a nervous constitution or idiosyncrasy, a local 

 irritability, and an external exciting cause. The 

 treatment to be successful must be directed to 

 these : ( 1 ) improve the health by quinine, arsenic, 

 or other tonics, and soothe the nervous state by 

 bromide of potassium or antipyrin ; (2) act locally 

 by pungent inhalations, as iodine, or by the thermo- 

 cautery ; (3) finally remove the patient from the 

 cause by sending him to the seaside or for a 

 voyage. See Hay Fever, by Sir Morell Mackenzie 

 (4thed. 1887). 



Hayley, WILLIAM, Cowper's biographer, was 

 born at Chichester, 9th November 1745, but 

 abandoned legal studies for a life of lettered leisure, 

 living in London, at Eartham in Sussex, and lastly 

 at Feltham, where he died 20th November 1820. 

 Among his works are didactic Essays in verse on 

 painting, on history, on epic poetry, The Triumphs 

 of Temper : a Poem, some plays, a Life of Milton, 

 a Life of Romney, and his most memorable monu- 

 ment, The Life of Cowper (1803; see COWPER). 

 Memoirs of and by himself were published in 1823. 



lla> in. RUDOLF, philosopher and writer, was 

 born at Griinberg in Silesia on 5th October 1821. 

 In 1848 he sat in the national assembly at Frank- 

 fort ; but in 1851 he l>egan to lecture on philosophy 

 and German literature at Halle, and was eventu- 

 ally appointed professor there in 1868. He has 

 written biographies of Wilhelm von Humboldt 

 (1856), Hegel (1857), Schopenhauer (1864), and 

 Herder (1877-85), as well as a useful monograph, 

 Die Romantische Schule ( 1870). 



Haynau, JULIUS JAKOB, BARON VON, an 

 Austrian general, was born at Cassel, in Germany, 

 14th October 1786. Entering the Austrian service 

 in 1801, he signalised himself during the Italian 

 campaigns of 1848-49 by his ruthless severity, 

 especially at the capture of Brescia, where h"is 

 flogging of women and other atrocities gained him 

 the name of the ' Hyivna of Brescia. Haynau 

 was engaged in the siege of Venice, when he' was 

 summoned by the emperor to Hungary, in May 

 1849, to take the supreme command of the forces 

 in that country. The storming of Raab, his 

 victory at Komorn, his occupation of Szegedin, 

 and his victories on the Theiss contributed 

 materially to the final success of the imperialists. 

 But Haynau's atrocious severity towards the 

 defeated Hungarians excited the detestation of 

 Europe. Although appointed dictator of Hungary 

 after its pacification, lie was nevertheless dismissed 

 in 1850 on account of the intractability of his 

 character. In the same year, when visiting the 



