600 



HAYNE 



HAYTI 



brewery of Messrs Barclay & Perkins, in London, 

 he was assaulted by the draymen, on account of 

 his cruelty, and escaped with his life, but the loss 

 of his moustache. Baron Schonhals, in a bio- 

 graphy of his friend Haynau (Gratz, 1853), tries to 

 exonerate his character, and asserts that he only 

 acted in obedience to the orders of his masters. 

 Haynau died at Vienna, March 14, 1853. 



Hayne, ROBERT YOUNG, an American states- 

 man, born in South Carolina in 1791, was admitted 

 to the bar in 1812, served in the war with Great 

 Britain, and at its close returned to his practice 

 in Charleston. He was a member of the state 

 legislature in 181418, and became speaker, was 

 attorney-general of the state in 1818-22, and sat 

 in the United States senate from 1823 to 1832. 

 He was a vigorous opponent of protection, and in 

 1832 boldly supported in congress the doctrine of 

 Nullification (q.v.). Daniel Webster's reply ranks 

 among his ablest speeches. In November 1832 

 South Carolina adopted an ordinance of nullifica- 

 tion, in December Hayne was elected governor, 

 and the state prepared to resist the federal power 

 by force of arms. A compromise, however, was 

 agreed to (see JACKSON), and the ordinance was 

 repealed. Hayne died 24th September 1839. 



Hay River, a feeder of Great Slave Lake in 

 the Canadian North-west. In its course, north- 

 east to the southern shore of the lake, it descends 

 the two Alexandra Falls, about 250 feet high and 

 300 yards wide. 



Hayti, or HAITI ( ' mountainous country,' other- 

 wise HISPANIOLA, or SANTO DOMINGO), is, after 

 Cuba, the largest of the West Indian Islands, now 

 divided into the independent states of Hayti and 

 the Dominican Republic (q.v.). For the map, see 

 WEST INDIES. It is nearly equidistant from 

 Porto Rico on the E. , and from Cuba and Jamaica 

 on the W., with the Caribbean Sea on the S., 

 and with the Bahamas and the open ocean on the 

 N. Hayti lies between 17 37' and 20 N. lat., and 

 between 68 20' and 74 28' W. long. It belongs 

 to the group of the Greater Antilles, and, like all 

 the principal members of its series, its greatest 

 length ( about 400 miles ) is in the direction from 

 west to east of the chain of which it forms a part ; 

 its greatest breadth is 160 miles. Area, including 

 the islands of Tortuga, Gonaive, &c. , about 28,820 

 sq. m., or nearly that of Scotland. The country is 

 mountainous, being traversed longitudinally by 

 northern, central, and southern ridges, terminating 

 in headlands on either coast ; but between these 

 ranges are wide and fertile plains. There are no 

 active volcanoes in the island, but earthquakes are 

 frequent. The highest peak is Loma Tina ( 10,300 

 feet), and in the middle section of the Sierra del 

 Cibao the average height is 7000 feet. The climate 

 is hot and moist in the lowlands, the temperature 

 at Port-au-Prince ranging from 67 to 104 F. ; the 

 mean range in the highlands is from 60 to 76 F. 

 The heaviest rains are in May and June, and occa- 

 sional hurricanes visit the island. Agriculture is 

 very backward, although Hayti is one of the most 

 fertile spots in the West Indies ; while its excellent 

 harbours, more especially those in the Gulf of 

 Gonaive on the west, offer considerable facilities to 

 foreign trade. The mountains are clothed with 

 forests of pine and oak, and the island is rich in 

 mahogany, satin wood, rosewood, and other valuable 

 timbers. Cotton, rice, maize, cocoa, ginger, arrow- 

 root, yams, tobacco, and numerous fruits are indi- 

 genous ; and the mango, bread-fruit, sugar, coffee, 

 and indigo are also produced. The minerals are 

 now little worked, though some gold-washing is still 

 carried on in the streams descending the northern 

 slope of the Cibao. The rivers are inconsider- 

 able, and useless for navigation. The largest lake, 



besides several bodies of fresh water, is the salt lake 

 of Enriquillo, 25 miles inland from the south shore. 

 Both rivers and lakes abound in caymans as well as 

 fish. Birds are few, but reptiles and insects are 

 numerous ; the agouti is the largest wild mammal. 



Hayti was discovered in 1492 by Columbus, who 

 landed here on 6th December ; and within little 

 more than one generation the aborigines had been 

 swept away by the remorseless cruelties of the 

 Spaniards. Their place was filled with negro slaves, 

 who were introduced as early as 1505. Next came 

 the Buccaneers (q.v.), who settled in the island of 

 Tortuga, and ultimately gained a footing on the 

 mainland ; and, as those marauders were chiefly 

 French, the western portion of Hayti, which was 

 their favourite haunt, was in 1697 ceded to F ranee 

 by the peace of Ryswick, thus presenting the first 

 important break in the unity of Spanish America. 

 For nearly a hundred years the intruders imported 

 vast reinforcements of Africans ; while the mulat- 

 toes, who were a natural incident of the concomi- 

 tant license, rapidly grew, both socially and politi- 

 cally, into an intermediate caste, being at once 

 uniformly excluded from citizenship and generally 

 exempted from bondage. In 1791, under the influ- 

 ence of the French Revolution, the mutual an- 

 tipathies of the three classes white, black, and 

 mixed burst forth into what may well be charac- 

 terised as the most vindictive struggle on record 

 a struggle which, before the close of the 18th cen- 

 tury, led to the extermination of the once dominant 

 Europeans, and the independence of the coloured 

 insurgents. Thus, as the emancipated bondmen 

 mostly belonged, at least in form, to the Church of 

 Rome, Hayti now exhibited the only Christian 

 community of negro blood on either side of the 

 Atlantic. In 1801 France sent out a powerful 

 armament to recover her revolted dependency, 

 treacherously seizing and deporting the deliverer 

 of his brethren, Toussaint I'Ouverture (q.v.). In 

 1803, however, she was constrained to relinquish 

 her attempt ; and in 1804 Dessalines, aping the 

 example of Napoleon, proclaimed himself Emperor 

 of Hayti, thus reviving the indigenous name of the 

 island, which had been in disuse for upwards of 

 three hundred years. 



This great change was fatal to the commercial 

 prosperity of French Hayti, decidedly the more 

 valuable section of the island. In its progress it 

 had destroyed capital in every shape ; and in its 

 issue it could not fail to paralyse labour under cir- 

 cumstances where continuous exertion of any kind 

 was equally irksome and superfluous. Nor was the 

 political experience of the lately servile population 

 more satisfactory than its economical condition. 

 Sometimes consolidated into one state, and some- 

 times divided into two, the country alternated, 

 through the instrumentality of one revolution after 

 another, between despotism and anarchy, between 

 monarchy ( more or less constitutional or imperial ) 

 and republicanism. Its only tranquil period of any 

 duration coincided with the rule or President Boyer 

 (q.v.), which subsisted from 1820 to 1843 its last 

 twenty-one years comprising not merely the whole 

 of French or Western Hayti, but likewise the Span- 

 ish or eastern portion of the island, whose inhabit- 

 ants in 1843 formed themselves into the Dominican 

 Republic (q.v.). Hayti, thus united, was in 1825 

 recognised even by France, on condition of paying 

 150 million francs, or 6,000,000, as a compensation 

 to the former planters a sum reduced in 1838 to 

 sixty millions. The western portion of the island 

 remained republican in its form of government until 

 1849, when its former president, the negro General 

 Soulouque, proclaimed an empire, and assumed the 

 title of Emperor Faustin I. In 1859, however, a 

 republic was again proclaimed and a new constitu- 

 tion adopted, which was modified in 1867. Few 



