HAYWARD 



presidents have since been jiermitted to complete 

 their I. -i in of ollice (.-even years), which has usually 

 been mi short liy revolutions, lii IXK'I (Jcneral 

 IlippoK te >u. -reeded iii t lie chief magistracy General 

 :me, svlioiii ho h.i.l dm en out of the country. 

 Sir Spender St John's ///////, ar tin' tilm-l. 1!< iiubhc, 



En.'. ,-i truthful picture, at once melancholy anil 

 idirrous, of the utter savagery that is domi- 

 nant in the western state. Official peculation, 

 jinlicial inunler, ami utter corruption of every kind 

 underlie the forms ami titles of civilised govern- 

 ment ; the religion, nominally Christian, is largely 

 ritiii/'iH.r or serpent-worship, in which actual and 

 horrible. nntiii/ifilisin is even now a most important 

 element. Instead of progressing, the negro repub- 

 licans have gone back to the lowest type of African 

 barbarism. 



The area of the western portion of the island, the 

 ni'-ro republic of Hayti, is about 9200 sq. in. ; the 

 population was stated in 1888, somewhat extrava- 

 gantly, at 960,000; it is probably under 600,000. 

 The capital, Port-au-Prince, is reported to have 

 30,000 inhabitants, and perhaps has 20,000. Under 

 the president are a senate and house of representa- 



IIA/KI, 



601 



s and four heads of departments. The returns 

 of income and expenditure are merely estimates, 

 and the disorders of civil war have in recent years 

 rendered these more than usually valueless. There 

 is a large floating debt, chiefly resulting from the 

 issue of paper money by successive governments. 

 The total debt amounts to between 3,000,000 and 

 4,000,000. The annual revenue is, since 1894, 

 stated at 1,250,000, a sum generally exceeded by 

 the expenditure. The army consists nominally of 

 6828 men, -mostly infantry ; some half-dozen small 

 vessels constitute the navy. The dialect of the 

 people is a debased French. The exports of Hayti 

 may have a value of about 1,000,000 a year; the 

 chief articles are coffee, cacao, logwood, mahogany, 

 and cotton. Of the imports, valued at about 

 700,000 annually, over two-thirds come from the 

 United States, the rest mainly from Germany, 

 France, and Britain. 



See St John, Hayti, or the Slack Republic ( 1884 ; 2d 

 ed. 1889); works by Maidou (1847), Ardouin (Paris, 

 1853-61), Linslant-Pradine (Paris, 1851-65), Janvier 

 (Paris, 1883-85-86), La Selve (1876-81), Nau (Paris, 

 1886), Fortunat (1888), Rouzier (1892), Marcelin (1893), 

 Justin (1894), and Tippenhauer ( Leipz. 1803). 



Hay ward, ABRAHAM, essayist and talker, was 

 born at Wishford, in Wiltshire, 31st October 1802. 

 He had neither public school nor university educa- 

 tion, but after keeping terms at the Inner Temple 

 was called to the bar in 1832. His leanings were, 

 however, more to letters than to law, yet he founded 

 and edited the Law Magazine, and to every one's 

 surprise was made Q.C. by Lord Ly ml hurst in 1845. 

 He published in 1833 his excellent prose translation 

 of the first part of Faust, and soon became, a busy 

 contributor to the newspapers and magazines, 

 especially the Quarterly Review, in which readers 

 soon learned to recognise his personality in an un- 

 usual combination of vivacity, epigram niatic verve, 

 and critical acumen. By his brilliant conversation, 

 his wealth of anecdotes, his whist-playing, and his 

 artistic interest in ' the art of dining ' he delighted 

 society almost down to his death, at London, Feb- 

 ruary 2, 1884. Many of his l)est articles were re- 

 printed in his Biographical and Critical Essays 

 (2 vols. 1858), the second series (2 vols. 1873), and 

 the third ( 1 vol. 1873) ; and in Sketches of Eminent 

 Statesmen and Writers (2 vols. 1880). Other books 

 were Autobiography and Remains of Mrs I'in::i 

 (2 vols. 1861 ), Selections from tin- I)inn/ of a Lady 

 of Quality Sir Wat kin Wynne's daughter (1864), 

 and a somewhat perfunctory book on Goethe, in 

 'Foreign Classics for English Readers' (1877). 

 His little books T/ie Art of Dining (1852), Lord 



Chesterfield and Ccorye Selwyn (both in 1856), and 

 Rules of Modem Wkut ( 1H78) were widely 



circulated. In 1K7H he published in two volumes* 

 lus Mected Essays. His Select Correspondence wa 

 given to the world in two volumes in 1886. 



Hazard, a game with two dice. The canter calte 

 5, i>, 1, 8, or 9 for the main. He then throws. If 

 he throws the numler called, or if he throws 12 

 when 6 or 8 is the main, or 1 1 when 7 i* the main, 

 he nicks, and wins of his opponent (named the 

 setter). If he throws 2, 3, II, or 12 when 5 or 9 in 

 the main, or 2, 3, or 11 when 6 or 8 is the main, or 

 2, 3, or 12 when 7 is the main, he loses. If he 

 throws any other number thus, when 7 is the main, 

 if he throws 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10 it is called his 

 chance. He then continues to throw until either 

 the main or the chance is thrown. If the main is 

 first thrown, the setter wins ; if the chance is first 

 thrown, the caster wins. 



El a/a rib; ml I. chief town of the district of the 

 same name in the division of Chota Nagpore, 

 Bengal. It is really a cluster of hamlets, which 

 sprung up round the former military bazaar, with 

 tilled fields between ; the European troops have 

 now for some years been withdrawn. Pop. 15,306. 

 Hazaribagh district has an area of 7021 sq. m., 

 and a pop. (1891) of 1,164,321, mainly Hindus. 



Hazebronck, a town in the French depart- 

 ment of Nord, 28 miles WNW. of Lille by rail. 

 The parish church (1493-1520) is surmounted by 

 a spire of open work, 260 feet high. There are 

 some linen and tobacco manufactures. Pop. 7680. 



Hazel ( Corylus), a genus of trees of the natural 

 order Cupuliferpe, of which the fruit is a nut in a 

 leafy and laciniated cup, the enlarged involucre of 

 the female flower. The male flowers are in cylin- 

 drical catkins ; the female flowers appear as mere 

 clusters of coloured styles at the extremities of 

 buds. The Common Hazel (C. Avellana) is a low 



Common Hazel ( Corylus Avellana) : 

 a, male and 6, female flowers ; c, fruit, 



tree, a native of Britain, and of all the temperate 

 parts of Europe and Asia; it is common also in 

 North America. There are ten or twelve improved 

 varieties cultivated extensively in Kent, especially 

 around Maidstone and in some other parts of Eng- 

 land. Of these there are two types one with 

 round nuts, named cobs ; the other with elongated 

 nuts, named Jilln-rtx. The cup or involucre of the 

 former is shorter, more open, and not so much lacer- 

 ated as that of the latter. Of either type there is a 

 variety in which the pellicle enclosing the kernel 



