604 



HEALTHS 



HEART 



pine-woods of Georgia are in favour with Ameri- 

 cans. The climate of Colorado, bracing though 

 not altogether mild, is also beneficial to bronchial 

 and pulmonary weakness. In hot countries the 

 sanitariums are usually cool hill-stations thus, in 

 India, Simla, Darjiling, Naini Tal, Utakamand, 

 Pachmarhi. (6) Climatic resorts where additional 

 Iielp is obtained for special treatment such as the 

 grape cure in phthisis (Meran), whey cure (Gais 

 in canton Appenzell), and the goafs-milk, ewe- 

 milk, or cow's-milk cure. The influence of the 

 pine-woods at Arcachon is supposed to be favour- 

 able to consumptive patients. Also such special 

 devices as warm mud-baths, or the sun-bath cure 

 (exposure of the uncovered person to the sun's 

 heat and light), as practised at Veldes in Car- 

 inthia. (7) Hydropathic establishments generally. 

 (8) Sea- voyages may also be here noted, as suit- 

 able for persons in the early stages of phthisis, and 

 in cases of nervous exhaustion. See BATH, HYDRO- 

 PATHY, MINERAL WATERS ; the articles on the 

 most notable health-resorts ; and Charteris, Health 

 Resorts at Home and Abroad (1885); J. Burney 

 Yeo, Climate and Health Resorts (1885); Upcot 

 Gill's Dictionary of Watering Places (1885); and 

 Fraser Rae's Austrian Health-resorts (1888). 

 Healths, DRINKING OF. See TOAST. 

 Hearing. See EAR. 



Hearne, THOMAS, an eminent English anti- 

 quary, was born in 1678 in the parish of White 

 Waltham, Berkshire, and had his education at St 

 Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 

 in 1699. Two years later he was appointed to a 

 post in the Bodleian Library, of which in 1712 he 

 became second keeper. This office lie was obliged 

 to resign in 1716 from his inability to take the 

 oaths to the government, but he continued to live 

 at Oxford occupied entirely with his studies. He 

 died 10th June 1735. Hearne compiled and edited 

 no less than forty-one works, all stamped by pain- 

 ful and laborious learning, although poor in style 

 and somewhat rambling in method. They are 

 usually marred by the intrusion of irrelevant matter 

 even his Jacobitism crept into his prefaces ; yet 

 they remain solid contributions to bibliography, and 

 their author deserved better than to be gibbeted in 

 the Dunciad as a dull and dusty pedant. 



His most important books were Reliquiae Bodleiance 

 (1703), Leland's Itinerary (9 vols. 1710-12), Leland's 

 Collectanea (6 vols. 1715), A Collection of Curious Dis- 

 courses upon English Antiquities (1720); and the 

 editions of Camden's Annals (3 vols. 1717), Ahired of 

 Beverley (1716), William of Newburgh (1719), Fordun's 

 Scotichronicon (1722), Robert of Gloucester's Chronicle 

 (1724), and that of Peter Langtoft ( 1725). The Biblio- 

 theca Hearniana was published in 1848 ; Reliquice Hear- 

 niance, by Philip Bliss, in 1857. The third volume of 

 Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne appeared in 

 1889, edited by C. E. Doble for the Oxford Historical 

 Society. See Impartial Memorials of his life by several 

 hands (1736), and the Lives of Leland, Hearne, and 

 Wood (Oxford, 1772). 

 Hearsay. See EVIDENCE. 

 Hearse, or HERSE (through Fr. from Lat. 

 hirpex, ' a harrow ' ), the carriage in which the 

 dead are conveyed to the grave, but originally the 

 term applied ito a triangular bar or framework 

 with upright spikes for holding candles at a church 

 service, and especially at funeral services. It was 

 originally very simple in form, but in the 15th 

 and 16th centuries hearses of great splendour came 

 into use, and were erected in the churches over 

 the bodies of distinguished personages. The frame- 

 work was of iron or brass, sometimes of beautiful 

 workmanship, square, octagonal, &c. in plan, with 

 pillars at the angles, and arched framework above 

 forming a canopy. The whole was hung over with 

 rich cloths and embroidery, and lighted up with 



hundreds of wax candles, and decorated with wax 

 images. From this the transition to the modern 

 funeral hearse can be easily traced. In Catholic 

 churches the old hearse still exists as a triangle 

 with spikes, on which candles are placed. 



Heart, the central organ of the circulatory 

 system, acting as a force and suction pump in rela- 

 tion to the blood-vessels. It always lies dorsally 

 Invertebrates, ventrally in Vertebrates, and 

 arises from the strong development of one or more 

 blood-vessels. In Vertebrates, the resulting cylin- 

 der, lying in the throat region of the embryo, 

 is divided into receiving and expelling portions, 

 auricle and ventricle respectively, and the whole 

 is enclosed in a more or less marked cavity 

 or ensheathing double bag, the pericardium. 

 By curvature and folding, by formation of parti- 

 tions and ingrowth of valves, the three or four 

 chambered hearts of the higher vertebrates arise. 

 It will be enough to describe the general structure 

 and function of the heart in man. 



The human heart lies ventrally in the chest, 

 between the two lungs ; it has a broad end or 

 ' base ' directed upwards and backwards, and a 

 pointed end or ' apex,' turned downwards, for- 

 wards, and to the left ; it is kept in position by 

 the attachment of the enswathing pericardium ta 

 the upper surface of the Diaphragm (q.v.), and by 

 the large blood-vessels which enter or leave its four 

 chambers ; its total size is approximately equal 

 to that of its owner's closed fist. There are two 

 receiving chambers or auricles, of which the right 

 receives all the impure blood brought by the 

 vence cavce from head and body and by the coron 

 ary vein from 

 the substance of 

 the heart itself, 

 while the left 

 is filled with 

 purified blood 

 brought by the 

 pulmonary veins 

 from the lungs. 

 The auricles pass 

 their contents to 

 the two driving 

 chambers or ven- 

 tricles, of which 

 the right pumps 

 the impure blood 

 to the lungs, and 

 the left sends the 

 pure blood to the 

 head and body. 

 The ventricles 

 are larger than 

 the auricles, and 

 have strong 

 muscular walls 

 proportionate to 

 their harder 

 work. The left 

 ventricle is 

 stronger than, 

 and partially sur- 

 rounded by, the thinner right chamber. The 

 right auricle opens into the right ventricle by 

 an aperture guarded by a triple (tricuspid) 

 valve, whose three membranous lappets are 

 attached to -tendinous cords (chordae tendineie) 

 arising from muscular processes (musculi papil- 

 lares) on the walls of the ventricle. The open- 

 ing from the left auricle into the left ventricle 

 is similarly guarded by a double (mitral or 

 bicuspid) valve. These valves on each side pre- 

 vent the passage of blood from ventricle to auricle. 

 At the base of 'the pulmonary artery on the right 

 and of the aorta on the left, there are three pocket- 



Fig. 1. Section of the Human 



Heart (after His) : 

 A, right auricle; B, right ventricle; 

 C, left ventricle; D, left auricle; B,. 

 partition between the two ventricles. 

 Between the auricles and ventricles on 

 right and left, the tricuspid and mitral 

 valves with their cords and associated 

 muscles are shown. 



