606 



HEART 



HEAT 



ment of murmurs due to the imperfect action of the 

 valves between the auricles and ventricles allowing 

 the blood to flow backwards through the orifices. 

 At the same time the various symptoms of dis- 

 turbed circulation are developed. 



In the various forms of anaemia ( bloodlessness ), 

 whether primary or secondary to other diseases, the 

 muscle of the heart becomes debilitated, and a 

 similar series of signs and symptoms to those just 

 described make their appearance. 



In certain diseases in which the blood pressure is 

 raised (Bright's Disease), or when any condition 

 throws extra work on the heart for a considerable 

 period, the organ becomes hypertrophied i.e. in- 

 creased in size and strength. This is well seen 

 when the valves are diseased, and the muscular 

 substance is well nourished. 



(2) Derangements of Nervous Mechanism of 

 Heart. As a result of many totally different con- 

 ditions the sensory nervous mechanism of the heart 

 may be affected, and give rise to pain or to various 

 sensations in the region of the heart. These sensa- 

 tions are not, however, always indicative of organic 

 disease of the organ. 



A peculiar set of symptoms, known as angina 

 pectoris, are treated more fully under a separate 

 head. The patient suffers from attacks, the chief 

 symptom of which is a dreadful feeling of im- 

 pending death, usually with cardiac pain. When 

 occurring as the result of organic heart disease 

 these symptoms are most commonly connected with 

 disease of the aortic valves. 



The various nervous arrangements presiding over 

 the movements of the heart may also become 

 deranged, and lead to increased or diminished 

 heart's action or to irregular action. The last is 

 the most frequent, and is a very common accompani- 

 ment of organic disease, though it frequently occurs 

 in individuals entirely free of any such condition. 

 Nervous and gouty individuals and those addicted 

 to the excessive use of tobacco are common sufferers 

 from such palpitations. 



The words ' broken heart ' seem to suggest a form 

 of heart disease. But of course the expression arose 

 out of the long prevalent and now wholly obsolete 

 view that the heart is in some way the seat of the 

 affections a view inevitably suggested by the 

 quickening of the pulse under emotion, or its 

 temporary stoppage from a sudden shock. 



Heart, SACRED. See SACRED HEART. 



Heart-burial, or the burial of the heart in a 

 place separate from that in which the body is laid, 

 seems to have been once practised by the ancient 

 Egyptians. In European countries it was most 

 common in the 12th and 13th centuries, though 

 instances have occurred in all centuries down to 

 and including the 19th. The practice undoubtedly 

 arose out of the special veneration in which the 

 heart was held as the seat of the affections and of 

 certain of the higher virtues, as courage, piety. 

 Besides the heart, other parts of the body, such as 

 the viscera, were sometimes honoured with separate 

 burial. . It has been suggested that this distribu- 

 tion of the body for sepulture was prompted by a 

 wish to secure the prayers of more than one congre- 

 gation for the soul of the deceased. In other 

 instances, where the deceased has died abroad and 

 his heart has been carried home for burial, the 

 motive is simpler to understand. The persons who 

 have been honoured with separate burial for the 

 heart have been for the most part men and women 

 of royal birth and ecclesiastics of high rank. 

 Amongst royal personages may be enumerated 

 Henry I. and Richard I. of England, whose hearts 

 were interred at Rouen ; Henry III., whose heart 

 was buried at Fontevraud in Normandy ; Eleanor, 

 wife of Edward L, at Lincoln ; Edward I. himself, 



whose heart was sent to Jerusalem for burial, as was 

 that of Robert Bruce (q.v.) ; the French kings, Louis 

 XII., XIII., and XIV., Francis I. and II., and Henry 

 II. and III. ; the Emperor Leopold of Austria ; and 

 James II. of England, whose heart was entombed 

 in St Mary of Chaillot near Paris. The heart of 

 Anne de Montmorency, constable of France, was 

 interred at Les Celestins ; that of Lord Edward 

 Bruce at Culross Abbey in Perthshire, his body in 

 Bergen-op-Zoom in Holland ; and that of Sir 

 William Temple at Moor Park near Farnham. 

 The viscera of the popes from Sixtus V. (1590) on- 

 wards were interred in SS. Vincenzo and Anastasio, 

 the parish church of the Quirinal. In the 19th 

 century the best-known cases are those of Daniel 

 O'Connell, the poet Shelley ('cor cordium'), and 

 Kellermann, the French marshal. The hearts of 

 the first two were buried in Rome, that of the last 

 on the battlefield of Valmy. The practice was pro- 

 hibited by Pope Boniface VIII. (1294-1303) under 

 sentence of excommunication ; but the prohibition 

 was removed by his successor Benedict XI. , at all 

 events so far as the French royal family was con- 

 cerned. See Pettigrew, Chronicles of the Tombs 

 (1857), pp. 249 etseq. 



Heart-burn. See INDIGESTION. 



Hearth-money, an unpopular tax of two shil- 

 lings levied on every hearth- in all houses ' paying 

 to church and poor ; ' first imposed in 1663, and 

 abolished in 1689. 



Heart's Content; a port of Newfoundland, 

 on the east side of Trinity Bay, with 900 inhabit- 

 ants. Two Atlantic cables land here. 



Heart's-ease. See VIOLET. 



Heat, the cause of the sensation of warmth, and 

 of a multitude of common phenomena in nature 

 and art. In considering this subject scientifically 

 it is necessary from the outset to discard the ideas 

 conveyed by the popular use of such words as hot 

 and cold. A number of bodies, however different, 

 left for a long enough time in the same room, must, 

 as we shall see further on, acquire the same tempera- 

 ture, or become in reality equally warm. Yet in 

 popular language some, as metals, stones, &c., are 

 pronounced to be cold, and others, as flannel and fur, 

 warm. The touch, then, is not a means by which 

 we can acquire any definite idea of the temperature 

 of a body. 



Nature of Heat. A heated body is no heavier 

 than it was before it was heated ; if, therefore, heat 

 be a material substance, as it was long considered, 

 it must be imponderable. And, in fact, under the 

 name of caloric, it is classed in almost all but 

 modern treatises as one of the family of imponder- 

 ables. But if it were matter, in any sense of the 

 word, its quantity would be unchangeable by 

 human agency. Now we find that there are cases 

 in which heat is produced in any quantity without 

 flame, combustion, &c. , as in melting two pieces of 

 ice by rubbing them together, and also cases in 

 which a quantity of heat totally disappears. This 

 is utterly inconsistent with the idea of the mate- 

 riality of heat. The only hypothesis that at all 

 accords with the phenomena is that heat depends 

 upon motion of the particles of a body, being in 

 fact Energy (q.v.), not matter; and with this idea 

 we shall start. 



Temperature. When two bodies are placed in 

 contact, heat will in general pass from one to the 

 other, with the effect of cooling the first and warm- 

 ing the second. This process goes on until the two 

 acquire the same temperature. Thus temperature 

 is a condition of a body, determining, as it were, 

 the head of the heat which the body contains to 

 take the obvious analogy of water in a cistern or a 

 mill-pond. In this sense it is analogous also to the 

 pressure of gas in a receiver, or to the potential in 



