HEATH 



IIKAVKN 



611 



ruitent refracting light lew than -!<><- the cold air. 

 S.-t- \i.\lll.\l h>N. 



For tin- mechanical applications of heat, see 

 An: i N'.INK, STKAM KN<;INK, &c., and for their 

 tli \ . MM- Tin. i:\ni \<\ N \MICS. 



Sm'n-n-x nf ll'iit. They may l>e, so far as wto 

 know, ultimately reduced to two chemical com- 

 bination ami cliunicnl energy; and, indeed, in 



all probability tin- former in only a variety of the 

 immensely diMeiviit forms in which the latter is 

 manifested. A more full examination of this 

 point, and a general statement of the ultimate 

 nature of the various sources of heat, will be found 

 in the article ENKKCJY aliove referred to. See also 

 roMitrsTtoN, FTKI, ; and for heating apparatus, 

 see WARMINO. 



llcatll ( I''nm), a genus of small shrubs of the 

 natural order Ericete, distinguished by a calyx 

 of four leaves, a bell-shaped or ovate often 

 ventricose corolla, and a 4-celIed, 4-8-valved 

 capMile. The leaves are small, linear, and ever- 

 green. The genus consists of about 400 species, 



Heaths. 



besides innumerable hybrids and varieties raised in 

 gardens. The home of the genus is in the western 

 part of South Africa, but a few species are dis- 

 tributed over western and northern Europe. E. 

 vulgaris now generally named by botanists Cal- 

 luna vulgaris (fig. 1 ) is the most widely distrib- 

 uted of all heaths, extending as it does over 

 central and northern Europe to the Arctic Circle. 

 It is the ling, heath, or heather of British moors 

 and mountains. The genus is not found in Asia, 

 America except in Labrador, Cape Breton, Nova 

 Sotia, and parts of New England, where the 

 common heath occurs nor in Australia. Six 

 species, including the ling, are found in the British 

 Isles. 



Cross-leaved Heather (E. tetralix) (fig. 2) and 

 Fine-leaved Heather (E. cinerea) (fig. 3) are com- 

 mon plants in most parts of Britain, and, like most 

 of the genus, are very beautiful when in flower. 

 The heather-bells of Scottish song are the flowers 

 of one or both of these species. A sprig of E. 

 fun rca was the badge of the Macdonalds at the 

 time when they existed as a distinct clan. /.". 

 I'ni-iH'd, common in the southern parts of Europe, 

 is a very frequent ornament of British flower- 

 Iwrders. Many species, remarkable for the size 

 and l>eauty of their flowers, are much cultivated 

 in greenhouses. Some of the south African or 

 Cape heaths attain in their native region a much 

 greater size than any European heath except I:. 



arborea, which in the Pyrenees MotuetimeM grown to 

 the height of 20 feet. The so-called Briar-root 

 (q.v.) of which tobocco-pipeH are made in a heath. 

 In the Highlands of Scotland the common heath 

 served in former times a great variety of purpose*. 

 The poorer folks formed walls for their cottage* 

 with alternate layers of heath and a kind of mortar 

 mode of earth and straw, and they made comfort- 

 able if not luxurious Iteils of it, placing the root* 

 downwards, ami laying the plants in a stoning 

 direction. With heath cottages are also thatched, 

 besoms are made, and faggot* are formed to burn 

 in ovens. In the island of I slay ale was made by 

 brewing one part of malt with two of the young 

 tops of the common heath, and this liquor, accord- 

 ing to Boece, was used by the Pictw. Sheep and 

 gouts sometimes browse on the tender shoots, but 

 they do not like them. The young tops fonn 

 almost exclusively the food of grouse. From the 

 flowers bees extract a great quantity of honey, 

 which is of a very deep colour. 



Heatlifield, GEORGE AUGUSTUS ELIOTT, LORD, 

 the heroic defender of Gibraltar, was the seventh 

 son of Sir Gilbert Eliott, and was born at his 

 father's seat of Stobs in Roxburghshire, on Christ- 

 mas-day 1717. Having been educated at the uni- 

 versity of Leyden, and at the French military 

 college of La Fere and at Woolwich, he hod his 

 first experience of actual warfare in the war of 

 the Austrian succession, in which he was wounded 

 at Dettingen and fought at Fontenoy. Having 

 been gazetted colonel of a regiment of light horse 

 in 1759, he served at its head with the English con- 

 tingent that assisted Frederick the Great against 

 Austria in the years 1759 to 1761. In the follow- 

 ing year he went out to Cuba as second in com- 

 mand under the Earl of Albemarle, and returned 

 home with the rank of lieutenant-general. When, 

 after the outbreak of the war with the American 

 colonies, Great Britain became involved in hostili- 

 ties with Spain as well, Eliott was sent out to put 

 Gibraltar in a state of defence. His obstinate and 

 heroic defence of this stronghold, from June 1779 

 to February 1783, against all the power of Spain, 

 ranks as one of the most memorable achievements 

 of British arms (see GIBRALTAR). On his return 

 home he was in 1787 raised to the peerage as Lord 

 Heatlifield, Baron of Gibraltar Heatlifield being 

 a Sussex estate which he had purchased in 1763. 

 He died at Aix-la-Chapelle, 6th July 1790. Drink- 

 water's History of the Siege of Gibraltar is one of 

 the best accounts of military heroism ever written. 



Heaven, in its theological sense, is that por- 

 tion of the infinite space in which the Lord or all 

 things, though present throughout all, is supposed 

 to give more immediate manifestations of his glory. 

 It is also the place, or the state or condition, of the 

 blessed spirits, and of the souls of just men made 

 perfect who are admitted into the participation or 

 the contemplation of the divine beatitude. It is 

 the special seat of the glory of the Most High, in 

 which his angels minister to him, and the blessed 

 spirits abide in perpetual praise and adoration. In 

 tne Scriptures the word is used in various senses : 

 ( 1 ) for the region of the atmosphere ; (2) sometimes 

 for the region of the stars the hoste of heaven ; 

 (3) as a state of blessedness attainable even here, 

 as in Eph. ii. 6, where it is said ' God hath raised 

 us up together (with Christ), and made us sit to- 

 gether in heavenly places ; ' and also in Phil. iii. 20, 

 where the conversation of the saints while yet on 

 earth is said to be ' in heaven ; ' ( 4 ) as the place 

 where God dwells, where the angels and the 

 spirits of the saints are congregated, whence 

 Christ came and whither he has returned (John, 

 xiv. 2, <S:c.). Many of the saints of Christendom 

 in moments of ecstatic elevation of spirit have 



