622 



HEGIRA 



HEILSBRONN 



trying to destroy the sound rule of saving doctrine 

 as yet hid themselves in holes of darkness can by 

 no possibility be understood as a reference to the 

 fearless and vehement apostle of the Gentiles. 



The fragments of Hegesippus will be found in vol. i. of 

 Routh's Reliquiae Sacrce (1847), and in voL ii. of Grabe's 

 Spicilcyium. 



Hegira, HEJRA, or HIJRA ( an Arab word which 

 means ' going away ' ), the term commonly used to 

 indicate Mohammed's flight from Mecca, 13th Sep- 

 tember 622 A.D. In 639 or 640 the Calif Omar 

 instituted a new Moslem calendar, to begin with 

 the first day of the first month of the year in which 

 the flight took place. The Mohammedan year, as 

 a lunar year, is shorter than ours by 10 days, 21 

 hours, and 14| seconds. A rough and ready 

 method for finding the year in our calendar corre- 

 sponding to a given year in the Mohammedan is to 

 subtract from the latter V f itself and add 622 

 to the remainder. To find the precise year and 

 day, multiply the year of the Hegira by 970224, 

 strike off from the product six decimal figures, and 

 add 621 -5774 ; this will give the year of the 

 Christian era ; and the day of the year is got by 

 multiplying the decimal figures by 365. 



Heiberg, the name of two Danish authors. 

 See DENMARK, Vol. III. p. 759. 



ilcidr. the chief town of northern Ditmarsh, 

 in the Prussian province of Sleswick-Holstein, 58 

 miles by rail WSW. of Kiel. Chief industries are 

 shoemaidng, paper-making, and brewing. Heide 

 is the birthplace of Klaus Groth. Pop. 7355. 



Heidelberg, an ancient city of Germany, in 

 the grand-duchy of Baden, extends for about 3 

 miles along the left bank of the river Neckar, in 

 one of the most beautiful districts in the country, 

 13 miles by rail SE. of Mannheim and 54 S. of 

 Frankfort-on-the-Main. It lies 380 feet above sea- 

 level, at the base of the Konigsstuhl (1863 feet). 

 Among its most important buildings are the 

 church of the Holy Ghost, a splendid example of 

 Late Gothic architecture, in which service accord- 

 ing to the Catholic and Protestant rituals is simul- 

 taneously carried on ; the church of St Peter's, 

 on the door of which Jerome of Prague nailed his 

 celebrated theses ; and the magnificent ruins of the 

 castle, which stand on a hill 330 feet above the 

 town. Begun at the close of the 13th century, and 

 added to in 1410, 1559, and 1607, it was formerly 

 the residence of the Electors Palatine, and was in 

 great part destroyed by the French in 1689 and 1693, 

 and further injured by lightning in 1764. In the 

 cellar under the castle is the famous Heidelberg 

 Tun, once capable of containing 50,000 gallons of 

 wine. Heidelberg is celebrated for its university, 

 which was founded by the Elector Rupert I. in 1386, 

 and continued to flourish until the period of the 

 Thirty Years' War, when it began to decline. In 

 1802, however, when the town with the surround- 

 ing territory was assigned to the Grand-duke of 

 Baden, a new era commenced for the university, 

 and it rapidly became famous. It comprises 

 faculties or theology, law, medicine, and philo- 

 sophy, has about 110 professors and lecturers, 

 and is attended by about 800 students. Its library 

 consists of some 500,000 volumes and 4700 MSS\ 

 Many of the most famous German scholars have 

 been professors here Reuchlin, CEcolampadius, 

 Spanheirn, Puffendorf, Voss, Schlosser, Creuzer, 

 Gervinus, Paulus, Kuno Fischer, Helmholtz, 

 Bunsen, Bliintschli, &c. The quincentenary of 

 the university was celebrated with elaborate 

 ceremonial in 1886. Heidelberg, originally an 

 appanage of the bishopric of Worms, became in 

 the end of the 12th century the seat of the Counts 

 Palatine, and continued to be so for nearly six 

 centuries. After the Reformation Heidelberg was 



long the headquarters of German Calvinism, and 

 gave its name to a famous Calvinistic Catechism 

 (q.v. ). The trade is chiefly in books, tobacco, 

 beer, and wine. The town suffered much during 

 the Thirty Years' War, was savagely treated by 

 the French in 1689, and was in 1693 almost totally 

 destroyed by them. Pop. (1871) 19,988; (1885) 

 24,417 ; in 1890, 31,737, of whom two-fifths are 

 Catholics and about. 800 Jews. See works by Oncken 

 (3d ed. 1885), Dram (1884), and Thorbecke (1886); 

 also The Century Magazine, August 1886. 



Heights may be determined by four methods : 

 by Trigonometry (q.v.), by Levelling (q.v.), by 

 ascertaining and comparing, the atmospheric pres- 

 sure at top and bottom of the height by the Baro- 

 meter (q.v.), or by ascertaining and comparing the 

 boiling-point of water at the top and bottom by 

 the Thermometer (q.v.). See also SURVEYING. 



Heijn, or HEYN, PIET, a famous Dutch 

 admiral, was born in 1570 at Delftshaven, near 

 Rotterdam. After an adventurous career, he 

 became vice-admiral under the Dutch East India 

 Company. In 1624 he sailed to South America 

 and defeated the Spaniards near San Salvador 

 (Brazil), and again in 1626 in All Saints' Bay 

 (Bahia), when he took above twenty of their ships, 

 returning to Holland with an immense booty. 

 Two years later he captured the Spanish silver 

 flotilla, the value of which was estimated at 

 16,000,000 Dutch guilders. As a reward for this 

 success he was in 1629 named Admiral of Holland. 

 On 20th August of the same year he met his death 

 in a sea-fight against the privateers of Dunkirk 

 off that town. A marble monument is erected to 

 his memory in the old church at Delft. 



Heilbronn, a town of Wurtemberg, situated 

 on the right bank of the Neckar, in a beautiful 

 and fertile region, 28 miles by rail N. of Stuttgart. 

 The streets of the old medieval town are narrow, 

 and the houses have quaintly ornamented gable- 

 ends and tapering pinnacles. The church of St 

 Kilian, partly Gothic and partly Renaissance ; the 

 old town-hall ; the Diebsthurm ( ' Thief's Tower '), 

 in which Gotz von Berlichingen was confined ; and 

 the house of the Teutonic Knights, now a barrack, 

 are the principal buildings. The chief industries 

 include the manufacture of silver-plate, paper, 

 sugar, salt, chicory, and chemicals, and there are 

 iron and other metal foundries and machine-shops. 

 Fruit and wine are largely grown. Commercially 

 the importance of Heilbronn depends upon its trade 

 in groceries, corn, and wood, and upon its fairs for 

 cattle, leather, wool, and fruit. In the vicinity 

 gypsum and sandstone are quarried. Heilbronn 

 is first mentioned in 741 ; in 1360 it became an 

 imperial town ; it suffered during the Peasants' 

 War and the Thirty Years' War, and in 1802 it 

 fell into the hands of Wurtemberg. Pop. (1875) 

 21,208; (1885)28,038; (1890)29,939. 



Heiligenstadt, a Catholic town of Prussian 

 Saxony, situated on the Leine, 32 miles ENE. of 

 Cassel by rail, has manufactures of cotton, cigars, 

 paper, and pins. Pop. 5861. 



Heilsberg, a town of Prussia, 40 miles S. of 

 Konigsberg. It was originally the chief town 

 of Erm eland, one of the old divisions of Poland, 

 and received town rights in 1308. Here the allied 

 Russians and Prussians under Bennigsen defeated 

 the French under Soult and Murat on 10th June 

 1807. Pop. 5705. 



Heilsbronn, a Bavarian village of middle 

 Franconia, 16 miles SW. of Nuremberg by rail, was 

 the seat of a celebrated Cistercian monastery, 

 which owed its origin to Bishop Otho of Bamberg 

 in 1132. Nearly all the burgraves of Nuremberg 

 were buried here till the end of the 15th century. 



