HENNEGAU 



HKNIJY I. 



643 



.mi tlin north iif Africa, Arabia, Persia, and tin- 

 East Indies. It in cultivated in many 1. 1. ! 

 fur the sake "I" it-, llowers, wliirli arc iiiiu-h pri/.ed 

 I'm- tln-ir fragrance, particularly by the Egyptian 

 ladies; luit still more for the sake of the leaves, 

 whidi alMnmd in colouring matter, and which, 

 being dried, powdered, and mode into a poHte 

 \\itli liot water and catechu, are very gener- 

 ally employed by women throughout the East to 

 : the nails and tips of the fingers and parts 

 of their feet of an orange colour; also by men 

 to dye their beards, the orange colour being con- 

 verted into a deep black by indigo ; and for dyeing 

 of the manes and hoofs of horses, ami to dye skins 

 and leather reddish-yellow. Powdered henna leaves 

 form a large'article of export from Egypt to Persia, 

 and to various parts of Turkey, from which they 

 liinl their way to more northern countries, and 

 even to Germany, to be employed in dyeing furs 

 and some kinds of leather. The use of henna 

 for staining the nails appears from allusions in 

 ancient poets, and from some of the Egyptian 

 mummies to have prevailed from very ancient 

 times. It is perhaps the camphire of the Bible. 

 The use of henna for hands and feet is said to check 

 perspiration, and gives a feeling of coolness. The 

 process has to be repeated every two or three 

 weeks. 

 Hennegau. See HAINAULT. 



Henningscn, CHARLES FREDERICK, an English 

 soldier of fortune and author, was born in 1815, 

 served with the Carlists in Spain, where he rose to 

 the command of the cavalry, with the Russians in 

 Circassia, with Kossuth in Hungary, and with 

 Walker in Nicaragua. In the American civil war 

 he commanded a brigade on the Confederate side ; 

 and he afterwards was employed to superintend 

 the manufacture of Minie rifles. He died at 

 Washington, 14th June 1877. His books are for 

 the most part records of travel and personal adven- 

 ture, but include also The Past and Future of 

 Hungary ( 1852 ), and The White, Slave, a. novel. 



II rnot ikon (Gr. henotikos, 'serving to unite'), 

 an edict for uniting the Eutychians with the church, 

 issued by the Emperor Zeno in 482 A. D. 



T Henrietta Maria, born at the Louvre, 25th 

 November 1609, was the youngest child of Henry 

 IV. of France, whose assassination six months 

 afterwards left the babe to the unwise upbringing 

 of her mother, Marie de Medicis. A lovely little 

 thing, bright of eye and wit, but spoilt and way- 

 ward, she was married in 1625 to Charles I., and 

 speedily evinced her bigotry, if not by a barefoot 

 pilgrimage to Tyburn, yet by refusing to share 

 in her husband's coronation. The dismissal, how- 

 ever, of her French attendants, and the murder of 

 Buckingham, removed two conflicting causes of 

 jealousy ; and for ten years Henrietta might call 

 herself ' the happiest woman in the world happy 

 as wife, mother, and queen.' But she had also 

 made herself the best-hated woman in England. 

 Strafford fallen (she did her worst to save mm), 

 and herself menaced with impeachment, on 23d 

 February 1642, the eve of the Great Rebellion, 

 she parted from Charles at Dover, and, repairing 

 to Holland, there raised 2,000,000. A year later, 

 after a great storm, during which she bade her 

 ladies ' Take comfort : queens of England are 

 never drowned,' she landed at Bridlington (q.v. ), 

 and, marching through England, again met King 

 Charles near EdgehiTl. She sojourned with him 

 at Oxford, until on 3d April 1644 they separated 

 at Abingdon, never to meet on earth. At Exeter, 

 on 16th June, she gave birth to a daughter, anil 

 in less than a fortnight had to flee before Essex to 

 Pendennis Castle, whence she took shipping for 

 France. A cruiser gave chase, and she charged 



the captain to blow up the magazine sooner than 

 let her be cajiturcd ; but at length --In- landed on 

 the coast of Brittany. A liberal allowance wait 

 aligned her, but she pinched herw:lf to Hend 

 remittances to England ; and the war of the 

 Fronde ( 1G4S) had reduced her for a time to desti- 

 tution, when, nine days after the event, IH-WH 

 reached her of her husband's execution. That 

 even this crowning sorrow failed to teach wisdom 

 is shown by her quarrels with her wisest coun- 

 sellors, and her efforts to convert her children. 

 The story, however, of her secret marriage to her 

 confidant, Henry Lord Jermyn (afterwards Earl 

 of St Albans), rests solely on gossip. After the 

 Restoration, ' la lleiiie Malheureuse, as she called 

 herself, paid two visits to England one of four 

 months in 1660-61, the other of three years in 

 1662-65. Pepys describes her as 'a very little, 

 plain old woman.' She died of an overdose of an 

 opiate on 31st August 1669, at her chateau of 

 Colombes, near Paris, and was buried (Bossuet 

 preaching the funeral sermon ) in the abbey of 

 St Denis, whence her coflin was ousted at the 

 Revolution. 



See CHARLES I. and works there cited ; also Strickland's 

 Queens of England ( new ed. voL v. 1851 ). 



HENRIETTA, DUCHESS OF ORLEANS, Charles I.'s 

 youngest child, was born 16th June 1644. Her 

 mother, Henrietta Maria, had to leave her behind 

 at Exeter, which in April 1646 was taken by Fair- 

 fax ; but three months afterwards, disguised as a 

 French beggar-woman, her governess, Lady Dal- 

 keith, escaped with her from Oatlands to Calais. 

 Her mother brought her up a Catholic. Gay, 

 brilliant, beautiful, in 1661 she was married to 

 Louis XIV.'s only brother, Philip, Duke of Orleans ; 

 ' of all the love he had borne her there soon re- 

 mained nothing but jealousy.' As Louis's am- 

 bassadress, in 1(570 she wheedled Charles II. into 

 signing the secret treaty of Dover ; and she had 

 been back in France little more than a fortnight, 

 when on 30th June she died at St Cloud almost 

 certainly of poison, but possibly without her 

 husband's cognisance. 



See CHARLES II. and works there cited ; Mdme. de la 

 Fayette's Histoire cTHenriette d'Anpleterre (1720; new 

 ed. by An. France, 1882 ) ; Mrs Everett Green's Princesses 

 of England ; and monographs by Baillon (French, 1885) 

 and Julia Cartwright (Mrs Ady ; 1893). 



Henry I., king of England, the youngest and 

 only English-born son of William the Conqueror, 

 was born in 1068, according to tradition at Selby, 

 in Yorkshire. His father left him 5000, with a 

 part of which he bought the districts of the Coten- 

 tin and the Avranchin from his brother, Robert of 

 Normandy ; and, when war broke out between 

 William Rufusand Robert, Henrv, although he had 

 been imprisoned by the latter, helped him to defend 

 Normandy, and saved his capital city, Rouen, for 

 him. Yet in the treaty which followed ( 1091 ) he 

 was excluded from the succession, and his brothers 

 joined to deprive him of his lands. Immediately 

 after the death of William he rode to Winchester, 

 seized the royal treasure, and in the absence 

 of Robert, who was then on his way home from 

 crusading in Palestine, was elected king by such 

 of the Witan as were at hand, and crowned at 

 Westminster four days after. He at once issued 

 a charter restoring the laws of Edward and the 

 Conqueror, recalled Anselm, and set about the 

 stern reforms which gained him among his people 

 the name of the Lion of Justice. He also 

 strengthened his position by a marriage with 

 Eadgyth (her name was changed to Matilda), 

 daughter of Malcolm of Scotland and the good 

 Queen Margaret, who was descended from the 

 old English royal house. The highest honours 

 under Henry, "both in church and state, were 



