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HERALDRY 



third, the martlet (4) for the fourth, the annulet (5) 

 for the fifth, the fleur-de-lis (6) for the sixth, the 

 rose for the seventh, the cross moline for the eighth, 

 and the octofoil for the ninth. The difficulties are 

 obvious of carrying out a system of this kind 

 through all the ramifications of a family for suc- 

 cessive generations, even by such devices as charg- 

 ing a crescent with a mullet for the third son of a 

 second son, &c., and the consequence of the super- 

 session in England of all other differences by these 

 figures lias been that differencing is much neglected, 

 and remote cadets are often found bearing the arms 

 of the head of their house undifferenced. With 

 the sons and daughters of the royal house of the 

 United Kingdom another usage prevails. They all 

 bear their arms differenced by a label of three points 

 argent. That of the Prince of Wales is plain, 

 those of the younger princes are variously charged. 



l. 2. 3 4. 5. 



Label. Crescent. Mullet. Martlet. Annulet. Fleur-de-lis. 



Fig. IX. Marks of Cadency. 



The label of the Duke of Edinburgh is charged 

 with a St George's cross in the centre point, and 

 in each of the other points with an anchor azure. 

 The Duke of Connaught substitutes for the anchor 

 a fleur-de-lis azure, and the Duke of Cambridge 

 two hearts in pale gules. 



In Scotland, owing perhaps to the wider ramifica- 

 tion of the principal feudal families, differencing 

 has been considered of more moment, and is the 

 subject of a separate treatise by the Scottish herald 

 Nisbet. The modern marks of cadency are less in 

 use. The modification of the paternal coat by an 

 additional charge, the engrailing, invecking, &c., 

 of a chief or a partition-line has never fallen out of 

 use. Differencing by a bordure has also been much 

 in favour, a plain bordure of the tincture of the 

 principal charge in the case of a second son, which 

 may be engrailed, invecked, wavy, &c., for cadets 

 branching off in the same generation, and for sub- 

 cadets, parted in different ways, or charged with 

 figures from the maternal coat. With cadets of a 

 later generation the bordures will be of a different 

 colour. Some such system, more or less rigidly 

 observed, runs through the differencing of Scottish 

 coats, which is under the direct supervision of the 

 Lyon Office. For difference designed to illegitimate 

 children, see BATON-SINISTER. 



Marshalling of Arms. Marshalling is the proper 

 arrangement of such coats as are to be combined in 

 one shield. In the earlier heraldry it was not the 

 practice to exhibit more coats than one on a shield, 

 but the arms of husband and wife were sometimes 

 placed accollee, or side by side in separate escut- 

 cheons ; or the principal shield was surrounded by 

 smaller ones, containing the arms of maternal an- 

 cestors ; and we not unfrequently find maternal 

 descent or marriage indicated by the addition of 

 some bearing from the wife's or mother's shield. 

 Then followed dimidiation, when the shield was 

 parted per pale, and the two coats placed side by 

 side, half of each being shown. By the more 

 modern practice of impaling (1, tig. X.), the 

 whole of each coat is exhibited, a reminiscence, 

 however, of the older practice being retained in 

 the omission of bordures, and occasionally tres- 

 sures, on the side bounded by the line of impale- 

 ment. The most common case of impalement 

 in English heraldry is where the coats of husband 

 and wife are conjoined, the husband's arms occupy- 

 ing the dexter side of the shield, or place of honour, 

 and the wife's the sinister side, the impaled coat 

 being personal, and non-descending to the children. 



The arms of states are sometimes impaled, as were 

 those of England and Scotland in the first and 

 fourth quarters of the achievement of Great Britain 

 from the accession of Queen Anne to the Irish 

 Union. Bishops, deans, heads of colleges, and 

 kings-of-arms impale their arms of office with 

 their family coat, giving the dexter side to the 



2. 



Quartered. 



3. 4. 



En Surtout. Counterquartered. 



of six. 



Fig. X. Marshalling of Arms. 



former. This practice in Scotland, as 

 far as bishops are concerned, belongs 

 only to the post- Restoration epis- 

 copacy, as the Scottish sees had no 

 arms till then. 



The husband of an heiress (in the 

 heraldic sense) is entitled, according 

 to the more modern usage of British 

 heraldry, to place her arms on a small shield, 

 called an escutcheon of pretence, in the centre 

 of his shield, instead of impaling, and in the next 

 generation the arms of the heiress are transferred 

 to one of the quarters of the shield. The escut- 

 cheon of pretence is, however, not to be con- 

 founded with a small shield of the same kind, 

 called an escutcheon en surtout (3), much in use 

 in German, French, and Scottish heraldry, which 

 takes a permanent place in the achievement, 

 and may contain either the paternal arms (as in 

 the Tweeddale branch of the Hay family), some 

 feudal coat, or the coat of an heiress in some past 

 generation, whose memory it has been thought 

 desirable to preserve. It has been the practice for 

 an elected king to place his arms in an escutcheon 

 en surtout, the old German emperors placing their 

 family arms on the breast of the imperial eagle. 



Quartering, or the exhibiting of different coats 

 on a shield divided both horizontally and verti- 

 cally, originated in the 13th century, but was little 

 practised till the 14th. The divisions of the shield 

 are called quarters, and are numbered horizon- 

 tally, beginning at the dexter chief (2). Arms are 

 quartered on various accounts: (a) To indicate 

 dominion. A sovereign quarters the ensigns of 

 his different states. On the tomb in Westminster 

 Abbey of Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand III., 

 king of Castile and Leon, and first wife of Edward 

 I., is the paternal shield of that princess, in which 

 the castle of Castile occupied the first and fourth 

 quarter, and the lion or Leon the second and 

 third. The received rule regarding the quartering 

 of the ensigns of different states is that precedence 

 is given to the most ancient, unless it be of 

 inferior importance. The kings of England, owing 

 to their supposed claim to the French throne, long 

 bore France in the first and fourth quarter, and 

 England in the second and third. In the arms of 

 the United Kingdom, as now borne, England occu- 

 pies the first and fourth quarter, Scotland the 

 second, and Ireland the third the relative posi- 

 tions, however, of England and Scotland being 

 reversed on the official seals of Scotland. Feudal 

 arms are sometimes quartered by subjects. Some 

 of the peers of Scotland bear arms of this descrip- 

 tion, (b) Arms of augmentation or special con- 

 cession accorded to a subject by his sovereign by 

 way of honour, are sometimes granted to be borne 

 quarterly with the paternal coat. These some- 

 times include a portion of the royal insignia, and 

 have precedence of the paternal coat, (c) The 

 most usual reason for quartering is to indicate 



