HKRAT 



H^RAULT 



609 



and that of Richard III. in om- instance l.y white 

 I lining tin- reign* of Henry VII., Henry 

 VIII.. Kihvanl \'l., Mary, and Elizabeth, tlie lion, 

 red dragon, ami grey hound were tlie animals most 

 in vogne ; tin- herald or engraver generally choos- 

 ing a- it suited liiui t \\n out of the three, .lames I. 

 for tin- lirst time rlearly delined the royal sup- 

 porter-, adopting the lion of England and unicorn 

 <>t' Scotland jus they have ever since Iwen lM>rne. 



At the union of K>o:< a different mode of mar- 

 shalling from what lias l>een descrilied was allowed 

 in Scotland, the arms of that kingdom occupying 

 the lirst and fourth quarter, and England being 



relegated to the s nd. The Act of Union of 1707 



Contains no provision for the continuance of a 

 special mode of marshalling for Scotland ; but the 

 various otticial seals of Scotland have uniformly 

 reversed the places of England and Scotland, 

 giving precedence to the latter. The royal arms, 

 as l>orne in Scotland, are also in use to he encircled 

 with the collar of the Thistle outside the Garter. 

 The Scottish crest takes the place of the English, 

 and the unicorn supporter takes precedence of the 

 lion, the former being crowned and gorged with an 

 ant 1 1 ne crown. 



The full blazon of the old royal arms of Scotland 

 is as follows : Or, a lion rampant gules, armed 

 and langued azure, within a double tressure flory- 

 counterflory of fleurs-de-lis of the second. Sup- 

 porters. Two unicorns argent, imperially crowned, 

 armed, crined, and unguled or, gorged with open 

 crowns, with chains affixed thereto, and reflexed 

 over the back, of the last. Crest. Upon the im- 

 perial crown proper, a lion sejant affrontee gules, 

 crowned or, holding in the dexter paw a sword, and 

 in the sinister a sceptre, both proper. Mottoes. 

 ' Nemo me impune lacessit,' and, over the crest, 

 ' In Defence.' 



Among standard works on heraldry are Guillim's 

 Display of Heraldry (editions of 1610 and 1724); 

 Edinonson's Complete Body of Heraldry (1780); Sir 

 George Mackenzie's Science of Heraldry treated as part, 

 of tlie Civil Law and Law of Nations (1680); Nisbet's 

 System of Heraldry (1722-43; reprinted 1810); De la 

 </'olombiere's Science Hroique (1669); various French 

 treatises of Menestrier ( 1671-80 ) ; Spener's Opus Heraldi- 

 cw(169J); and the Niirnberf/er Wappenbuch. Among 

 mndi-rii treatises: Planche's Pursuivant of Arms; Mon- 

 tagu's Heraldry; BoutelPs Heraldry, Hintorical and 

 f radical ( 1864 ) ; Seton's Heraldry in Scotland (1863); 

 l.urke's General Armor i/ ; Bouton's Traiti de Blazon 

 (1863); Rielstap's Armorial Central (Gouda, 1884); 

 L' Art Hfraldique, by Gourdon de Genouillac (1889); 

 F. E. Hulme's Heraldry (1891); and A Treatise on 

 Heraldry, British and Foreign, by the Rev. J. Wood- 

 ward and the writer of this article (2 vols. 1892). 



Herat', capital of the most westerly of the three 

 divisions of Afghanistan, stands on the Hari-Rud, 

 at the height of 2500 feet above the sea, in 34 50 7 

 N. lat., 62 30' E. long. ; distance from Kabul, 390 

 miles west. Situated near the boundaries at once 

 of Afghanistan, Persia, and the Transcaspian dis- 

 trict of Russian Turkestan, Herat is one of the 

 principal marts of Central Asia, carrying on at the 

 same time extensive manufactures of its own in 

 wool and leather. The vicinity, naturally fertile, 

 lias been artificially rendered much more so by 

 means of irrigation, drawn from the Hari-Rud and 

 its tributaries. Owing to this abundance in water, 

 Herat and its district has l>eeii at all times famous 

 for its rich crops and excellent fruits, in fact it has 

 been the granary of the north-western portion 

 of Afghanistan and of the adjoining Turkoman 

 country. But the city claims notice mainly on polit- 

 ical and military grounds. Long the royal seat of 

 the descendants of Timur, and often a bone of con- 

 tention between the warlike tribes all round, it is 

 fortified by a ditch and wall, and is commanded on 

 its north side by a strong citadel built under the 



direction of British officer**, amongst whom the 

 late Sir Eldred J'otting.-r occmiied a pi<- eminent 

 place. In 1885-86 the fortifications ,,f Herat 

 were examined and armed by tin* military mem- 

 ber** of the Afghan Boundary Commmsion. In 

 modern times the place ban acquired a kind of 

 European importance, being, toward* IVrxia and 

 Russia, the key of Afghanistan, which country in 

 tuni affords the only approach by land to western 

 India. In this connection Herat has been viewed 

 as an outpost of England's eastern empire against 

 Kussian intrigue and encroachment. Hence tt has 

 licrn alike the subject of treaties and the occasion 

 of wars between Great Britain, as the mistress 

 of India, and Persia, as virtually a vassal of 

 Russia. This feature of the history of the citv was 

 more specially developed in connection with the 

 last conflict between Persia and England. In 

 Novemler 18f>6 the Shah, regarded by the British 

 government as a vassal and agent of the Czar, 

 captured Herat, while actually conducting negotia- 

 tions for an amicable adjustment at Constantinople; 

 but he was within a tew months constrained to 

 relinquish his prey and renounce his claims by a 

 British expedition directed against the opposite 

 extremity of his empire. Since Russia, after sub- 

 duing the Tekke Turkomans and after having 

 annexed the oasis of Merv (1884), pushed her 

 frontiers as far as Chihl Dukhteran and Kosh 

 Assiah, which is from 30 to 40 miles distant from the 

 gates of Herat, the political importance of the place 

 has grown immensely, and Herat is actually the 

 pivot of the whole Central Asian question. From a 

 commercial point of view Herat has been at all 

 times an emporium for the trade between Central 

 Asia, Persia, and India, as the caravan roads leading 

 from the Oxus and from the Indus towards Persia 

 and Western Asia had found here their point of 

 junction. Indigo, dried fruits, dyes, asafwtida, 

 rice, wool, carpets, raw hides, silk, and leather 

 wares are the chief items of export, whilst 

 chintzes, cloth, sugar, ironwares, and European 

 arms are imported from the West, and quite re- 

 cently to a larg^e extent from Russia. In 1890 it was 

 in contemplation to bring Herat into railway con- 

 nection either through a branch-line coming from 

 the Transcaspian railway from Dushak via Sarakhs 

 in the north, or via Kandahar from the south, in 

 which case Herat will again acquire its ancient 

 importance from a commercial point of view. 

 The town, famous in the time of Sultan Husein 

 Baikara for its splendid buildings, is to-day a heap 

 of ruins, out or which the citadel, the'Chareu, 

 the Tuma Musjid, and parts of the Musallah are 

 prominent as remnants of a bygone glory. The 

 population, consisting chiefly of Persians, 'Tajiks, 

 and Chihar Aimaks Afghans constitute only the 

 garrison has fluctuated within the century from 

 100,000 to 10,000; the average pop. now being 

 about 30,000. See Malleson's Herat ( 1880) ; Yate's 

 Northei-n Afghanistan ( 1888). 



llrraillt. a maritime department in the south 

 of France, bounded on the south-east by the Gulf 

 of Lyons, is oval in form, 84 miles in greatest 

 length from east to west, and has an area of 2393 

 sq. m. Pop. (1872) 429,878; (1891) 461,651. It 

 is occupied in the north and north-west by 

 chains of the Cevennes ; but the mountainous 

 tracts give place to low plains as the coast is 

 approached, and these in turn to salt-marshes 

 and lagoons next the sea. The largest of the 

 lagoons (t tangs), Thau, covers nearly 20,000 acres. 

 The principal rivers are the Herault, the Orb, and 

 the Lez, wnich rise in the Cevennes and pursue a 

 generally southward course to the Mediterranean. 

 In the neighbourhood of the etangs the climate is 

 unhealthy, especially in summer, when agues and 

 fevers prevail ; but elsewhere throughout the 



