670 



HERBAL 



HERBERT 



department it is unusually fine, though in summer 

 very hot and dry. About a fourth of the entire 

 area consists of" arable land. Previous to the 

 devastating attacks of the phylloxera, this depart- 

 ment was counted amongst the most important 

 of the wine-growing districts of France. The acre- 

 age planted with vines has in ten years decreased 

 from 480,000 to 154,000 acres, and the yield of 

 wine from 390 to about 125 million gallons. The 

 cultivation of olives and the breeding of silkworms 

 and sheep are important industries, as are also the 

 preparation of brandy and liqueurs, the manufac- 

 ture of cloth, glass, soap, and candles, and tanning. 

 Coal is the chief mineral mined. Large quantities 

 of salt are prepared from the saline marshes ; and 

 from the shore-lakes and the sea immense quan- 

 tities of fish are obtained. This department is 

 divided into the four arrondissements of Beziers, 

 Lodeve, Montpellier, and Saint-Pons. Mont- 

 pel Her is the capital. 



Herbal, originally a book containing an 

 account of all known plants with their medicinal 

 properties, is now a book containing descriptions 

 only of those plants which possess medicinal pro- 

 perties. See PLANTS, Vol. VIII. p. 222. 



Herbarium, or HORTUS Siccus ('dry gar- 

 den'), a collection of specimens of dried plants, 

 intended for the future study and examination 

 of botanists. Specimens intended for the her- 

 barium should be as perfect in all their parts as 

 possible. They are laid between layers of Wotting 

 or botanical paper, and subjected to pressure to dry 

 them. The pressure should be light at first, but 

 increased as the process of drying goes on. The 

 paper requires to be changed frequently daily in 

 the case of succulent specimens. Special methods 

 have to be adopted in the case of very succulent 

 specimens, such as orchids, &c. : only very slight 

 pressure must be given ; and subjecting them to 

 constant uniform heat, as in hot sand, placing them 

 in an oven, or suspending and turning them before 

 the fire, enveloping them first of course in paper, 

 indicate some of the modes of proceeding with 

 Bach-tike specimens. When dried they are mounted 

 on paper, and, if they are to be of any scientific 

 value, the generic and specific names of each 

 should be attached, along with all other data bear- 

 ing on its identity, such as habitat, &c. Care 

 must be taken to preserve specimens from the 

 ravages of moths and beetles by frequent inspec- 

 tion, by the aid of camphor, and by the occasional 

 application of a little corrosive sublimate. 



Herbart, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, a German philo- 

 sopher, was born at Oldenburg, May 4, 1776. At 

 a very early age he was familiar with religious and 

 metaphysical doctrines and discussions, and in his 

 eighteenth year he became the pupil of Fichte at 

 Jena. In 1805 he was appointed extra-ordinary 

 professor of Philosophy at Gottingen ; in 1809 he 

 went to Konigsberg as Kant's successor ; but in 1833 

 returned to Gottingen, where he remained till his 

 death, August 14, 1841. His collected works were 

 published by his scholar Hartenstein ( 12 vols. 1850- 

 52 ; new ed. 1883 et seq.). 



Herbart starts from the Kantian position by 

 analysing experience. In his system logic, meta- 

 physics, and aesthetics rank as co-ordinate elements. 

 Logic deals with the formal elements of thought, 

 metaphysics and .-esthetics with its content. Of 

 these two the former investigates those of our 

 empirical conceptions which are given us in ex- 

 perience, and which cannot be alienated from our 

 thought, whilst the latter deals with those con- 

 ceptions which involve judgments of approval or 

 disapproval. The most characteristic features of 

 his thinking are, however, these. He posits a 

 multiplicity of ' reals,' or things which possess in 



themselves absolute existence apart from appercep- 

 tion by the mind of man. He rejects the notion 

 of separate mental faculties, substituting in their 

 place the conception of primordial presentations or 

 forces, from whose action and interaction all 

 psychical phenomena result. From the conditions 

 which determine the equilibrium and movement of 

 these presentations he deduces a statics and a 

 dynamics of mind, both amenable to mathematical 

 manipulation, and thus introduces psychology to a 

 place among the exact sciences. Ethics he ranks 

 as a branch of aesthetics ; it investigates the agree- 

 ment or disagreement between volition and tlie 

 fundamental moral ideas. 



His works on the science of education have a peculiar 

 value, and have been much studied of late. See books 

 on Herbart by Thilo (1875), Zimmermann (1877), and 

 Wagner (7th ed. 1894); De Garmo, Herbart and the 

 Herbartians ( 1895 ) ; the translation of Herbart's Science 

 of Education by Mr and Mrs Felkin ( 1895 ) ; and Ufer's 

 Pedagogy of Herbart (trans. 1896). 



Herb Christopher. See BANEBERRY. 



Herbelot, BARTHELEMY D' ( 1625-95), oriental- 

 ist, was born in Paris, and became ( 1692 ) professor of 

 Syriac in the College de France. His Biblioth&que 

 Orientale, was published after his death by Galland 

 (1697; 3d ed. 4 vols. 1777-83). It is a universal 

 dictionary of all knowledge known to the Orient, 

 and is principally based upon the Arabic work of 

 Hajji Khalfa ; although lacking in critical accu- 

 racy, it is full of important information for those 

 who do not read Arabic and other oriental tongues. 



Herbert. Herbert Fitz-Herbert was cham- 

 berlain and treasurer to King Henry I. Seven 

 or eight generations later, we find the Herberts 

 diverging into several distinct branches, including 

 the lines of the Earls of Powis ( now extinct in the 

 male line), of the Lords Herbert of Cherbury (also 

 extinct), the Herberts of Muckross, and also 

 several untitled branches which have flourished 

 upon their ancestral lands in England, Wales, and 

 Ireland. In the reign of Henry V. Sir William 

 Herbert of Raglan Castle, County Monmouth, 

 received the honour of knighthood in reward of his 

 valour in the French wars. His eldest son, a 

 staunch adherent of the House of York, was created 

 Earl of Pembroke by Edward IV. in 1468, but fell 

 into the hands of the Lancastrians after the battle 

 of Danesmoor, and was beheaded the following 

 day. His son became Earl of Huntingdon. 



The title of Earl of Pembroke was restored to the 

 Herberts in 1551 in the person of the son of an ille- 

 gitimate son of the first earl. The new earl was 

 one of the most influential noblemen of his age, and 

 one who took an active part in public affairs, both 

 as a statesman and a soldier. By his wife, who was 

 a sister of Catharine Parr ( the last queen of Henry 

 VIII. ), he had a son Henry, second earl, to whose 

 countess, Mary ( ' Sidney's sister, Pembroke's 

 mother ' ), Sir Philip Sidney dedicated his Arcadia. 

 It has been attempted to identify Shakespeare's 

 'W. H.,' the 'only begetter' of the Sonnets, with 

 the third earl, who succeeded in 1621. The 

 fourth earl, some time Lord Chamberlain to Charles 

 I., and Chancellor of the university of Oxford, 

 was also Earl of Montgomery. The eighth earl 

 held several high offices under Queen Anne, includ- 

 ing that of Lord High Admiral. Lord Her- 

 bert (q.v.) of Lea was a younger son of the 

 eleventh earl ; and his son became ( 1862) thirteenth 

 Earl of Pembroke, and tenth Earl of Montgomery. 

 The Earls of Carnarvon, more than one of whom 

 have gained celebrity in the field of literature, de- 

 scend from the eighth Earl of Pembroke mentioned 

 above. The recent Earls of Powis are descended 

 from the same stock maternally, the only child and 

 heiress of the last Earl of Powis of the Herbert 



