HKIiKSV 



581 



the free library (1876), &c. The Nelson column 

 ; ) marks "the site of the almost obliterated 

 can tie ; mid tin- White Cross, one mile out on the 

 road, commemorates the Black Death of 1347. 

 Nell Gwynne and (Jarrick were natives. A large 

 trade i-, done in agricultural produce; and the rose- 

 gardens of Hereford arc famous. The seat of a 

 hNhopric from 676, the city was chartered by 

 Henry III., and returned two members to parlia- 

 mentnow only one from Edward I.'s reign till 

 It has stood many sieges from Stephen's 

 time down to the Great Rebellion. Pop. (1851) 

 12,108; (1881) 19,822; (1891) 20,207. See works 

 by Hrittou (1831) and Havergal (1869). 



HriTfordshiiT. an inland county in the west 

 of England, is bounded on the N. by Shropshire, 

 K. I >y Worcester, S. by Gloucester and Monmouth, 

 and W. by South Wales. In length it measures 38 

 miles, in breadth 35, and its area is 833 sq. m. 

 Pop. (1801)89,191 ; (1841) 113,272 ;( 1871 ) 125,370; 

 (1891) 115,986. The surface is mostly hilly, with 

 occasional valleys opening into widespread plains, 

 the chief hill-ranges being those of the Hatterell or 

 Black Mountains (2631 feet) on the south-western, 

 and the Malvern Hills( 13.95)on the eastern boundary 

 of the county. It is watered by several streams, the 

 principal of which are the Teme, and the Wye with 

 its affluents the Lugg, the Arrow, and the Monnow, 

 alike noted for their fishing, and the Wye in par- 

 ticular for its picturesque scenery. The climate of 

 Herefordshire varies with the elevation and ex- 

 posure, but, as attested by the general longevity of 

 the inhabitants, is on the whole very healthy. The 

 soil, which is for the most part a deep, heavy, red 

 loam, with a substratum in many places of lime- 

 stone, produces good crops of grain, principally 

 wheat, and is favourable to the growth of timber. 

 Hops are largely cultivated, and the area of the 

 orchards with which the county abounds exceeds 

 27,000 acres. Herefordshire is celebrated for its 

 cattle, and its horses and sheep are in a lesser degree 

 well known. Cider-making is the principal manu- 

 facture, and malting is also carried on ; whilst 

 sandstone, limestone, and marble have been largely 

 quarried. The county, divided into 11 hundreds 

 and 258 parishes, returns three members to parlia- 

 ment, one for each of its two divisions ( Leominster 

 and Ross), and one for the city of Hereford. 

 The county council numbers sixty-eight members. 

 The principal towns are Hereford, Leominster, 

 Ross, and Ledbury. 



The historical events connected with the county 

 are soon told. Its earliest inhabitants were the 

 Si lures, who for long withstood an invasion of the 

 Romans, but, !>eing at last ( about 73 A.D. ) overcome, 

 they retired into the fastnesses of Wales. During 

 the so-called Heptarchy it was incorporated with 

 Mereia, and subsequently from its position on the 

 Welsh border was a portion of the county being 

 included in the debateame land called 'the Marches 

 the scene of prolonged contests between the rival 

 claimants. In 793 A.D. Ethel bert, king of the 

 East Angles, was treacherously murdered at Sutton, 

 near Hereford ; and in 1461 at Mortimer's Cross, 4 

 miles north-west of Leominster. the decisive battle 

 took place between the houses of York and Lan- 

 caster which resulted in the defeat of the latter 

 and the establishment of Edward IV. on the throne 

 of England. Sulwequently Herefordshire suffered 

 much during the civil broils in the time of Charles II. 

 Of places of interest in the county mention may be 

 made of Offa's Dyke ( q. v. ) ; of Dorstone, where there 

 is a large and curious cromlech known as ' Arthur's 

 Stone ; of the ruins of Clifford Castle, the birth- 

 place of 'Fair Rosamond,' Henry II. 's mistress; 

 and of the Hereford Beacon on the Malvern Hills, 

 on which is a camp, the construction of which 

 is ascribed to Caractacus. Robert Devereux, Earl 



of Essex (Queen KUzalteth'H favourite) ; Richard 

 Whittington, 'thrice Lord Mayor of London-.' 

 I ia\ id (ianick, tin- actor; John Kyrle ('The Man 

 of Rows'); and Nell Gwynne, the favourite of 

 Charles II., were all natives of Herefordshire ; and 

 Mrs Itrowning, the poetess, paused her childhood 

 there. See the Quarterly fleview for IHT'J, and 

 works there cited. For the Earls of Hereford, eo 

 BOHUX. 



Herencia, a town of Spain, 40 miles NE. of 

 Ciudad Real, carries on manufactures of soap. 

 Pop. 6000. 



Hereros. See DAMARALAND. 



Heresy (Gr. hairem's) primitively means a 

 choice or ejection, and in its application to religious 

 belief is used to designate as well the act of choos- 

 ing for one's self, and maintaining opinions contrary 

 to the authorised teaching of the religious com- 

 munity to which one's obedience is due, as also 

 the heterodox opinions thus adopted arid the party 

 which may have adopted them. In the Acts of the 

 Apostles (see v. 17, xv. 5, xxiv. 5, xxviii. 22) 

 the word seems to be used of a sect or party, 

 apart from the consideration of its character, 

 whether good or bad ; but in the Epistles and in 

 the early Christian writers it is almost invariably 

 used in a bad sense, which is the sense uniformly 

 accepted in all subsequent theological literature. 

 Roman Catholic writers, regarding the authority of 

 their own church as supreme and final, apply the 

 name of heresy to any formal denial of a doctrine 

 proposed by the Roman Catholic Church as neces- 

 sary to be believed. Protestant writers seldom use 

 the word, except in relation to what each sect 

 regards as the essentials of Christian faith. 



Even in the apostolic times heresies had arisen 

 in the church, and before the Council of Nice the 

 catalogue of sects had already swelled to consider- 

 able dimensions. The chief early heresies are 

 reducible to two classes : ( 1 ) those which attempted 

 to associate the Christian doctrines with Judaism ; 

 (2) those which ingrafted Christianity upon the 

 Gentile religions or the Gentile philosophies. 



From the very date of the establishment of 

 Christianity in the Roman empire heresy appears 

 to have been regarded as a crime cognisable by the 

 civil law ; and Constantino enacted several severe 

 laws for its repression, which were continued and 

 extended by his successors, and were collected into 

 a single title, De Hccreticis, in the Justinian code. 

 The penalties of heresy ordained by these enact- 

 ments are very severe, extending to corporal punish- 

 ment, and even to death ; and they all proceed on 

 the distinct assumption that a crime against religion 

 is a crime against the state. These enactments of 

 the Roman law were embodied in the various codes 

 of the European kingdoms ; in English law heresy 

 consisted in holding opinions contrary to Catholic 

 faith and the determination of Holy Church. By 

 common law the offender was to be tried in the 

 provincial synod by the archbishop and his council, 

 and, after conviction, was to be given up to the 

 king to In- dealt with at his pleasure. But the 

 statute 2 Hen. IV. chap. 15 ( De harretico comburendo ) 

 empowered the diocesan to take cognisance of 

 heresy, and, on conviction, to hand over the criminal 

 directly, and without waiting for the king's writ, 

 to the sheriff or other competent officer. This 

 statute continued practically in force, with certain 

 modifications, till the 29 Charles II. chap. 9, since 

 which time heresy is left entirely to the cognisance 

 of the ecclesiastical courts. The article BLAS- 

 PHEMY deals with an important cognate subject. 



In the case of clergy of the Church of England, 

 under a statute of 1571 (now confined to its nar- 

 rowest effect by a series of judgments) any distinct 

 contradiction of the Articles, or obvious evasion of 



