682 



HEREWARD 



HERITABLE 



them, subjects the offender to deprivation of his 

 benefice. The supreme authority is the Judicial 

 Committee of the Privy-council, which construes the 

 articles and formularies according to the legal rules 

 for the interpretation of statutes ( see ECCLESI- 

 ASTICAL COURTS ; and ENGLAND, CHURCH OF ). 

 In the Presbyterian churches a heretical minister is 

 usually tried by his presbytery, and :nay be deposed 

 from the ministry by the General Assembly. 



For the history and literature of heretical sects, consult 

 the very numerous articles in this work on the various 

 bodies of heretics, as ALBIGENSES, ARIUS, EBIONITES, 

 ESSENKS, GNOSTICISM, MANICH^US, MONTANISM, MYSTI- 

 CISM, PELAGIUS, &c. See also the articles BAUR, CHURCH 

 HISTORY, DOMINICANS, EXCOMMUNICATION, INQUISITION, 

 PERSECUTION ; the standard ecclesiastical historians ; 

 Arnold's Ketzerhistorie (1699) ; Halm's Ketzer im Mittel- 

 alter (1850); and Hilgenf eld's Ketzeryeschichte des Ur- 

 christentums ( 1883 ). 



Hereward, commonly called HEREWARD THE 

 WAKE, was an English yeoman or squire who held 

 the Isle of Ely against William the Conqueror in 

 1070-71. When William had succeeded in encom- 

 passing the English patriots and penetrating to 

 their camp of refuge, Hereward, scorning to yield, 

 cut his way through to the fastnesses of the 

 swampy fens northwards. It is probable that 

 he subsequently became reconciled to William. 

 He held property in Warwickshire and probably 

 also in Worcestershire. The noble lineage assigned 

 to Hereward in Charles Kingsley's romance of 

 Hereward the Wake (1866) has been shown by 

 Freeman (Norman Conquest, vol. iv. ) to be desti- 

 tute of historic foundation. 



Herford, a town in the Prussian province of 

 Westphalia, situated close to the frontier of Lippe- 

 Detmold, 59 miles SW. of Hanover by rail. Flax 

 and cotton spinning, linen- weaving, and the manu- 

 facture of sugar and confections are carried on. 

 Pop. (1875) 12,012; (1885) 15,902; (1895)21,535. 



Hergest, THE RED BOOK OF, the name usually 

 given to a great manuscript, the chief repository of 

 Welsh literature, now preserved in the library of 

 Jesus College, Oxford. It owes its name to Hergest 

 Court, a seat of the Vaughans, for whom most 

 likely it was originally compiled. It is a folio 

 volume of 360 vellum leaves written in double 

 columns, from the beginning of the 14th to the 

 middle of the 15th century. Its eleven prose tales 

 were printed by Lady Charlotte Guest, together 

 with the romance of the Hanes Taliessin, under the 

 name of Mabinogion, although in the Red Book 

 itself that name is applied to four only. 



Heriot, in English law, is a kind of fine due to 

 the lord of a manor on the death of a person holding 

 land of the manor, and consists of tne best beast, 

 jewel, or chattel that belonged to the deceased. 

 The lord can enforce this right by action, or seize it 

 brevi manu. Heriots probably originated in the 

 return of the horse and arms lent by a feudal lord 

 to his tenant ; they are now seldom paid in respect 

 of freehold lands, and they are regarded as one of 

 the most vexatious incidents of copyhold tenure. 

 See COPYHOLD. 



Heriot, GEORGE, founder of a magnificent 

 school at Edinburgh, was a descendant of the 

 Heriots of Trabroun, East Lothian, and was born 

 at Edinburgh in June 1563, Commencing business 

 as a goldsmith in that city in 1586, he was, after 

 being eleven years in business, appointed goldsmith 

 to Anne of Denmark, consort of James VI. of Scot- 

 land, and soon after to the king. On James's acces- 

 sion, in 1603, to the English throne, Heriot went 

 to London, where, as court-jeweller and banker, he 

 amassed considerable riches. He died at London, 

 February 12, 1624, without issue, and bequeathed 

 the residue of his property, amounting to 23,625, 



to found and endow a hospital (or school) in 

 Edinburgh for the maintenance and education 

 of the sons of poor deceased or decayed burgesses. 

 Heriot's Hospital was completed from a design, 

 it is believed, by Inigo Jones, in 1659. In 1837 

 an act of parliament was procured for expending 

 surplus funds which had accumulated in the hands 

 of the trustees in the erection of free schools for 

 poor children (ultimately sixteen in all). The 

 Act of 1885, at which time the annual revenue of 

 the trust amounted to 26,502, reconstituted the 

 hospital as a middle-class and technical school, 

 and closed the free schools in the city. The 

 Heriot-Watt College was also subsidised from 

 the Heriot funds, to provide for older students 

 thorough scientific and technical instruction at 

 moderate fees. Besides, there are valuable bur- 

 saries awarded for the promotion of secondary and 

 higher education, tenable at George Heriot's Hos- 

 pital School, the High School, the Heriot-Watt 

 College, and the university. And a sum is ex- 

 pended in providing free education, b^oks, &c. 

 for poor children attending public or state-aided 

 schools. The revenue is now about 35,000, and it 

 is estimated that it will ultimately increase to 

 little short of 50,000. ' Jingling Geordie ' figures 

 in Scott's Fortunes of Nigel. See History of 

 Heriot's Hospital, by W. Steven (new ed. 1859). 



llrrisaii. the largest town of the Swiss canton 

 of Appenzell, in the Ausser Roclen division, stands 

 2549 feet above sea-level, 5 miles SW. of St Gall 

 by rail. It is a thriving seat of the cotton manu- 

 factures. Pop. (1893) 12,937. 



Heristal, or HERSTAL, an industrial town of 

 Belgium, on the Meuse, immediately NE. of Liege, 

 of which it is virtually a suburb. It is mostly in- 

 habited by workmen, who find employment in the 

 coal-mines and the iron and steel works. Ruins 

 still exist of the castle of Heristal, the birthplace 

 of Pepin, the mayor of the palace ; and his great- 

 grandson Charlemagne frequently resided here. 

 Pop. (1893) 14,411. 



Heritable and Movable, a Scotch law- 

 phrase denoting the distinction of things which 

 go to the heir and to the executors respectively. 

 Movables include such property as passes to the 

 executor in succession, or is removable by the 

 tenant on leaving his farm, or as comes under the 

 operation of the law of the owner's domicile in 

 bankruptcy and succession. Money and household 

 furniture may be taken as examples. Heritable 

 subjects are such as go to the heir in succession, 

 or go with land to a buyer, and are regulated by 

 the territorial law. The best examples are land and 

 houses. The gearing of engines and all machinery 

 fixed to the floor are also heritable. The distinc- 

 tion corresponds to a certain extent to the phrase 

 ' Heir and Executor ' in England. 



HERITABLE BOND, in Scotch law, is a per- 

 sonal bond for a sum of money, with a real right 

 of annual rent payable out of land, and accom- 

 panied by a conveyance of the lands themselves in 

 security. The usual deed is now a bond and dis- 

 position in security, corresponding to the English 

 Mortgage (q.v. ). 



HERITABLE SECURITIES, the name given in the 

 law of Scotland to what are called mortgage*? 

 and charges on land in England. These were 

 formerly distinguished into wadset, infeftment of 

 annual rent, heritable bond, bond and disposition 

 in security, and absolute disposition with back- 

 bond, and also reserved burdens on land. By the 

 constitution of a heritable security the debt secured 

 becomes a burden on the land, entitling the cred- 

 itor to appropriate the rents until the debt is paid. 

 This right of the creditor remains entire against 

 the land, no matter into whose hands it passes, 



