HERITABLE JURISDICTIONS 



HERMAPHRODITIHM 



681 



and without affecting or being affected by the 

 feudal titles, which confer an<l transmit the radical 

 li'Jit to the land. In Scotland tho i>rinci|>iil 

 heritable -i-i-niii\ is now called the bond and 

 disposition ill security, which consists of an 

 obligation to pay the debt, and a disposition 

 to tin 1 creditor, by way of security till the debt 

 .id. The In mil must be registered in the 

 Register of Snsines to complete the creditor's title, 

 audit is assignable to a third party. A power is 

 .always given to the creditor to sell the estate if the 

 principal or interest is not paid, in which case the 

 creditor must account for the surplus after paying 

 himself his debt. 



Heritable .1 u risdirf ioii>. a remarkable class 

 of jurisdictions held hereditarily from the crown in 

 Scot land, and abolished in 1748. These jurisdictions 

 amounted to upwards of a hundred in number, and 

 consisted of sheritfships, stewartries, constabularies, 

 but principally of regalities and bailieries, with some 

 offices of distinction. One of the more important 

 was the office of Lord Justice-general and the 

 lordship of Argyll and the Isles, both belonging to 

 the family of Argyll. In virtue of their hereditary 

 rights, the possessors of these jurisdictions exer- 

 cised an arbitrary power over vassals and others 

 within the limits of their domain, and could 

 punish them by fines, scourging, imprisonment, 

 and even in some cases put them to death, with- 

 out interference of the common law. As repug- 

 nant to social policy, and more particularly with 

 the view of extinguishing the authority of High- 

 land chiefs over their clans, these heritable juris- 

 dictions were abolished ; the possessors receiving 

 payment for the assumed value of their rights. 

 Argyll alone received 21,000 as an indemnity, 

 and altogether there was paid by government 

 152,037, 12s. 2d. The abolition of these odious 

 jurisdictions being followed by the appointment 

 of sheriffs on a proper footing, this great legislative 

 act marks an important era in the history of Scot- 

 land. See the Duke of Argyll's Scotland as it was 

 and as it is (1887). 



Heritor, in the law of Scotland, is the owner 

 of land in a parish liable to public burdens. The 

 heritors, collectively, have vested in them the fee 

 of the church and churchyard ; they repair the 

 parish church and manse, -or rebuild them where 

 necessary, and before the Education Act (1872) 

 elected the parish schoolmaster. 



Her konier, HUBERT, artist, was born at 

 Waal, in Bavaria, in 1849, the son of a wood- 

 carver who came to England in 1857. At the age 

 of thirteen he gained a medal at the Southampton 

 art school, and afterwards studied for a few months 

 at Munich and South Kensington. In 1870 he 

 settled in London, where, besides painting, he 

 employed himself in preparing designs for the 

 Graphic. He has since exhibited a large number 

 of works in water-colour and oil, including figure- 

 subjects and portraits. His best picture is ' The 

 Last Muster' (1875), a picture of Chelsea pen- 

 sioners in chapel. In 1879 he was elected A.R.A., 

 and in 188."> Slade professor at Oxford, being re- 

 elected in 1889 ; he is also an honorary member of 

 the academies of Vienna and Berlin, and an officer 

 ( 1889) of the Legion of Honour. He became R. A. in 

 1890. An engraver, wood-carver, playwright, and 

 musician, he founded an art school at Bushey (q. v.). 



Herklllesbad (or Mehadia), a Hungarian 

 watering-place, 20 miles north of Orsova by rail ; 

 its eighteen warm springs, ' the waters of Hercules,' 

 have oeen used since Roman times. 



ll<-rm;r. See HERMES, ALCIBIADES. 



Hermaildad, THE (Sp., 'brotherhood'), had 

 its rise in an association of the principal cities of 

 Castile against the nobles who in 1282, under Prince 



Sancho, rose against Alfonso X. When Sanclio 

 succeeded to the throne (1295) the league was 

 more firmly organised throughout Castile and Leon, 

 with the express object of resisting the tvranny and 

 exactions of the crown-vassals and no)>le. Fer- 

 dinand and Isabella, in order to curb the power of 

 their feudatories, first favoured the association arid 

 ultimately (in 1485) gave it a legal status under 

 the name of the Hermandad. It now constituted 

 a confederation of the entire burgher class for 

 police and judicial purposes, with local courts and 

 an annual meeting of deputies from all the cities ; 

 and the sovereigns, adopting its members an a 

 standing force to counterbalance the followers of 

 the feudal lords, put themselves at the head of 

 the association, placed it at the service of the city 

 magistrates, and employed it both in quelling di 

 turbances and in seizing confiscated properties. 

 The introduction of a regular standing army en- 

 abled the crown to free itself from this depend- 

 ence on the towns ; and with the decay of the Her- 

 mandad disappeared the last vestige of popular 

 freedom. 



Hermann. See ARMINIUS. 



Hermann. JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB, a 

 German classical scholar, was bom at Leipzig, 

 28th November 1772. He studied there and at 

 Jena, and was made in 1798 extra-ordinary professor 

 of Philosophy at Leipzig; in 1803, ordinary pro- 

 fessor of Eloquence ; and in addition, in 1809, pro- 

 fessor of Poetry. He died as senior of the univer- 

 sity, 31st December 1848. The first department 

 which he began to cultivate on original principles 

 was the science of classical metre, of which lie 

 attempted to develop a philosophical theory, based 

 upon the categories of Kant ; on this subject he 

 wrote, besides his Handbuch der Metrik (1798), 

 several Latin treatises, among which the Epitome 

 Doctrinai Metrical (1818) reached a fourth edition 

 in 1869. Of wider importance, however, was the 

 new method which he introduced into the treatment 

 of Greek grammar, and which has had its influence 

 on the grammar of Latin and of German. The 

 principles of this method are explicitly developed 

 in De Emendanda Ratione Grtecce Grammatical 

 (1801), and are practically illustrated in his 

 numerous excellent editions of the ancient classics. 

 Hermann's power of dealing with chronological, 

 topographical, and personal questions is shown in 

 his Opuscula (8 vols. 1827-77), which also contain 

 some poems breathing the spirit of Rojnan poetry. 

 See Memoirs by Jahn (1849) and Kochly (1874). 



Heruiannstadt ( Lat. Cibinium, Hung. Nagy- 

 Szeben), a town of Hungary, formerly capital of 

 Transylvania, is situated at the terminus of a 

 branch-line (28 miles long), 370 miles SE. of Pesth, 

 It consists of an upper and a lower town, the walls, 

 towers, and bastions formerly surrounding which 

 have only recently been demolished. Hermannstadt 

 is the seat of a Greek archbishop and of a ' Saxon ' 

 university. The fine Bruckenthal palace contains 

 a picture-gallery, numismatic, antiquarian, and 

 mineral collections, and a library of some 30,000 

 volumes. Tanning, wax-bleaching, and the making 

 of cloth, paper, candles, sugar, and hats are cariied 

 on. Pop. (1890) 21,465, of whom 14,000 are Ger- 

 mans. Hermannstadt was originally the seat of a 

 German colony, founded in the reign of Gesa II. 

 (1141-61), and was at first called Villn Ilcnnnnni. 

 It has endured several sieges from the Turks ( 1438 

 and 1442), as well as one from the followers of 

 John Zapolya ( 1526). It also suffered at the hands 

 of Gabriel Bathori in 1610, and again from both 

 combatants during the Russo- Hungarian war of 

 1849. 



Hermaphroditism, the combination of the 

 essential male and female functions and structures 



