HKRKH'K 



HERRING 



Baldwin, as well ati his spaniel 'Tracy,' and a 



tiadition long survived of a ' favourite pig, which 

 IK- amii-ed liiniHcIf li\ teaching to ilrink out of a 

 tankard.' His 'Julia' is more \isionary than 

 tln--e, tint no 'Inu Li hail her existence aim). In 

 hi 17 tin- I'mitan supremacy ejected liini from his 

 \ii-arage and drove him to London, whence he 

 returned to reassume his duties in August 1G02. 

 Id i.- twelve years later lie died, being buried lf>th 

 (in.ili.T KiTI. A iiionuinent was placed in the 

 rhtuvh in 1857. 



one volume of verse contained the 

 s, dated KilS, and .\ ///< A'// /////.<. dated 



, 



ItitT. Tin- la-4 is a collection of professedly reli- 

 gious poetry ; the former, an ill-arranged group of 

 lyrical poems addressed to friends and eminent 

 contemporaries, amatory poems, epithalamia, epi- 

 grams, fairy poems, and short occasional odes and 

 poems on all Kinds of subjects, of which sixty-two 

 nad already seen the light in \ViCs Recreations 

 (1640). The whole embrace more than 1200 poems 

 of lengths varying from live or six pages to a single 

 couplet, many of which are among the most ex- 

 quisite examples of lyrical art in English. Of 

 thrse it is enough to name ' Corinna's going a 

 Maying,' ' The Mad Maid's Song,' ' The Night 

 Piece to Julia ' ( ' Her eyes the glow-worm lend 

 thee'), ' To the Virgins ' ( 'Gather ye rose-buds while 

 ye may'), 'To Daffodils,' 'Cherry Ripe,' 'To 

 Anthea ' ( ' Bid me to live ' ) ; and, among religious 

 poems, such masterpieces as ' The Litany,' ' The 

 Dirge of Jephthah's Daughter,' and ' A Thanks- 

 giving to God ' ( ' Lord, thou hast given me a cell ' ). 

 Much of his religious poetry is weak, but these 

 are immortal. Yet the reader turns most often 

 to his secular poems, in almost every line of which 

 he will find a charm of a quite peculiar nature, 

 save only in the epigrams, which are often poor 

 and sometimes gross. The last laureate of fairy- 

 land, his ' Fairie Temple,' 'Oberon's Feast,' and 

 ' Oberon's Palace ' were not unworthy to follow 

 Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream and 

 Dray ton's Nymphidia. 



The Hesperiaes is one of the sunniest books in 

 English literature, consummate in finish, exquisite 

 in fancy, fresh and natural throughout, and nch in 

 sweet and delightful pictures of the homely English 

 country and the quaint, kindly, old-world customs 

 of her folk. His love-poems are stamped with a 

 real abandon that is not Horatian and not Anacre- 

 ontic, but all his own, and ever throughout his joy- 

 ousness the ear detects an undertone of melancholy. 

 In unforced sweetness of melody and perfect har- 

 mony of sound and sense Herrick rises above all his 

 brethren among the Caroline lyrists, and, indeed, 

 follows closely in the steps of Shakespeare. Like 

 the master he is thoroughly natural, unaffected, and 

 Knglish. We do not Took for depth and intensity 

 of passion in his work, but within his limits he 

 attains perfection. The fresh fragrance of English 

 meadows lives in his verse, and will beget per- 

 petual delight as long as English literature is read. 

 He sleeps secure of the eternity of fame for which 

 he longed, and which he half -promised to him- 

 self. 



After being neglected for more than a hundred years 

 Herrick's poems were revived by Mr Nichols (Sylvanus 

 Urban) in the Gentleman's Magazine of 1796 and 1797. 

 Editions followed by Dr Nott (1810), T. Maitland (Lord 

 Dundrennan, 1823), W. C. Hazlitt (1869), and Dr Grosart 

 (3 vols. 1876, with an exhaustive memorial-introduction). 

 See F. T. Palgrave's Chrysomela (1877), a selection by a 

 fine critic, with a suggestive introduction ; and Edmund 

 W. Gosse's essay in Scvcnternth-Century Studies (1883). 



Herring (Clupea haretufiis) belongs to the 

 order of bony fishes (Teleostei) called Physostomi, 

 and characterised by the existence of an open 

 communication between the air-bladder and the 



gut. The family Clupeidie in dbttinguUhed by the 

 following characters : Tin-re in a single hhort doraa! 

 I'm near the middle of the dorsal edge of the body, 

 aK<> a single anal tin. The pelvic tins are an- 

 ilimiinal in position, a- in all PhjWMfaMlL Body 

 covered with thin cycloid scales, head naked, 

 liailiels absent. Maxillary hone** composed of at 

 least three movable pieces. Branchial aperture* 

 very wide. The stomach has a posterior prolon- 

 gation, which communicate** with the air-bladder 

 at its extremity ; pyloric appendages numerous. 

 Lateral line usually absent. The genus Clupea, 

 which includes the herring, sprat, pilchard, and 

 shad, is thus defined : Body compressed, with the 

 scales of the ventral edge keeled, each keel pro- 

 jecting posteriorly into a point, BO that the edge 

 is serrated. Upper jaw not projecting beyond the 

 lower. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width. 

 Teeth, when present, rudimentary and deciduous. 

 Caudal forked. C. harengvs is distinguished by 

 having an ovate patch of minute teeth on the 

 vomer ; the serrations of the ventral edge are 

 weak; the pelvic fins arise l>ehind the front end 

 of the base of the dorsal. These characters dis- 

 tinguish the herring from the sprat. From the 

 pilchard it is easily distinguished, as that sjiecies 

 has much larger scales, and has radiating ridges 

 on the operculum which are absent in the herring. 

 The shad, of which there are two kinds, are much 

 larger, and have opercular ridges like the pilchard. 

 The air-bladder in the herring has an opening to 

 the exterior behind the anus. The herring is a 

 pelagic and gregarious fish, living on the small 

 pelagic organisms, especially Crustacea, which 

 swarm in the sea. The species occurs throughout 

 the German Ocean and tne North Atlantic, both 

 on the American and European sides, and also the 

 seas to the north of Asia. Enormous shoals of 

 herring approach the coast every summer in order 

 to spawn, and it is then that the great fisheries are 

 carried on. There are in most places two spawn- 

 ing periods, but the number of those which spawn 

 in winter or spring is always much smaller. The 

 summer spawning season varies in different lati- 

 tudes. On the east coast of Britain it occurs in 

 June and July at Wick, July and August at Peter- 

 head and Aberdeen, August and September at 

 Yarmouth, September and October off Kent, while 

 on the south coast of England only one spawning 

 period has been observed, namely in January. 

 This corresponds to the winter spawning in the 

 north, which at the mouth of the Firth of Forth 

 takes place in January and February. 



The eggs of the herring are small and numerous, 

 and are heavy and adhesive, so that when shed 

 they adhere to the stones, shells, and hydroids, or 

 other material of the sea- bottom. The spawning- 

 ground chosen is always hard, rough, and often 

 rocky, so that it is usually ground which trawls 

 cannot be worked over. The same spawning- 

 grounds are annually visited by the winter-spa \\ n- 

 ing herring. Two such grounds are accurately 

 known one to the west of the isle of May at 

 the mouth of the Firth of Forth, and one off 

 Ballantrae on the west coast of Scotland, in A\ i 

 shire. None of the summer spawning-beds have 

 been actually discovered, though it is certain that 

 there are acres of them along the east coast of 

 Britain. It is probable that herring remain in 

 Loch Fyne all the j'ear round, and young and half- 

 grown herring are often found in estuaries at 

 various times of the year, ascending as far as the 

 tides extend. 



The artificial fertilisation of the herring's ova 

 and their hatching in aquaria are easily effected, 

 and have been carried out several times by various 

 experimenters. But the artificial propagation has 

 never been carried out on a large scale for the sake 



