696 



HERTHA 



HERZEN 



when Henry VI. was wounded and taken prisoner 

 at St Albans by the Yorkists ; again at St Albans 

 six years later, when victory decided for the 

 opposite party ; and lastly in 1471, at Barnet, 

 when the decisive battle was fought, in which the 

 Lancastrians were utterly routed by the Yorkists. 

 Rye House was the residence of Rumbold, one of 

 the persons engaged in the alleged plot against 

 the life of Charles II. Kings Langley, Hunsdon 

 House, and Hatfield were royal residences, and at 

 Theobalds James I. ended his days. Amongst the 

 worthies of Herts mention may be made of Nicholas 

 Brakespeare, afterwards Pope Adrian IV. ; Francis 

 Bacon, afterwards created Lord Verulam ; Richard 

 Gough, the antiquary ; the poet Cowper ; Bulwer 

 Lytton ; Charles Lamb ; and John Leech. Hert- 

 ford gave a title to a branch of the family of 

 Seymour (q.v. ; and see EDWARD VI.). See 

 Cussan's History of Herts (1880). 



Ilcrtlia (true reading in Tacitus, Nerthus), the 

 North German deity identified with 'Mother 

 Earth,' to whom the Hertha Lake in Riigen 

 was sacred. 



Hertogenbosch. See BOIS-LE-DUC. 



Hertz, HEINRICH, physicist, was born 22d Feb- 

 ruary 1857, at Hamburg, and studied at Berlin, 

 where in 1880 he became assistant to Helmholtz. 

 In 1883 he began to lecture in Kiel, in 1885 was 

 called to the technical school at Karlsruhe, and in 

 1889 succeeded Clausius at Bonn. He greatly ad- 

 vanced the science of electricity, was thecontinuator 

 of the work of Faraday and Clerk-Maxwell, and 

 was a singularly ingenious experimenter. He died 

 1st January 1894. In the three volumes of his col- 

 lected works (1894) the most important discussions 

 are those on the relation of light and electricity, 

 on the diffusion of electric force, and on the prin- 

 ciples of mechanics. See the eloge by Planck ( 1894), 

 and Lodge in Nature for June 1894. 



Hertz, HENRIK, Danish poet, was born of 

 Jewish parents in Copenhagen, 25th August 1798, 

 and studied for the bar. Ojengangerbrevene 

 ('Letters of a Ghost'), a rhymed satirical poem, 

 created a sensation in 1830. His finest dramatic 

 writings are Svend Dyring's Hints ( 1837), a roman- 

 tic drama; and Kong Renffs Datter (1845), a lyric 

 drama (translated four times into English in 1850 

 by Sir Theodore Martin). He also wrote many 

 lyrics (4 vols. 1857-62), a lyrical comedy, and a- 

 humorous novel. He died 25th February 1870. 



Herve, whose proper name was FLORIMOND 

 RONGER, a musical composer, was born on 30th 

 June 1825, at Houdain, near Arras. In 1848 he 

 made his first appearance in an operetta com- 

 posed by himself, Don Quichotte et Sancho Panga. 

 Then, after officiating for three years as director of 

 the orchestra at the theatre of the Palais Royal, he 

 worked as singer, composer, director, and actor in 

 various theatres. Some of his light operas have 

 had very successful runs, such as L'CEil Creve, 

 Chilperic, and Le Petit Faust. Died Nov. 4, 1892. 



Hervey, JAMES, author of Meditations among 

 the Tombs, was born at Hardingstone, near North- 

 ampton, on 26th February 1714. The facts of his 

 life are few. He was educated at Northampton 

 and Lincoln College, Oxford, and was first curate 

 and afterwards incumbent of Weston-Favel and 

 Collingtree, both near Northampton. He died on 

 Christmas-day 1758. Hervey adopted a Calvinistic 

 creed, and in the 18th century his works, though 

 not distinguished by any extraordinary qualities, 

 enjoyed great favour with the people. The best of 

 them are Meditations and Contemplations (1746), 

 including his most famous production, ' Medita- 

 tions among the Tombs,' and also 'Reflections 

 on a Flower Garden ' and ' A Descant on Creation ;' 



Contemplations on the Night ami Starry Heavens 

 (1747); and Theron and Aspasio, or a Series of 

 Dialogues and Letters on the Most Important Siib- 

 jects (3 vols. 1755). This last gave rise to the 

 Sandemanian controversy as to the nature of saving 

 faith. A complete edition of his works, with a 

 memoir, appeared in 1797. See also his Life and 

 Letters (2 vols. 1760). 



Hervey Islands. See COOK ISLANDS. 



, Herwarth von Bittenfeld, KARL EBER- 

 HARD, Prussian general, was born in 1796, and gained 

 his first laurels in the war of liberation, especially 

 in the battle of Leipzig. In 1864, raised to the 

 rank of general, he acquired great fame through 

 his daring capture of the isle of Alsen. In the 

 campaign of 1866 he was entrusted with the occu- 

 pation of Saxony, and then with the command 

 of the army which advanced from Saxony into 

 Bohemia. He contributed largely to the brilliant 

 victories of Hiihnerwasser, Miinchengratz, and 

 Kb'niggratz. In 1870, on the outbreak of the 

 Franco-German war, he was made governor of the 

 Rhine provinces, in 1871 a general field-marshal; 

 and he died at Bonn, 2d September 1884. In the 

 war of 1866 one of his sons fell ; in that of 1870 

 two were killed. 



Herz, HENRI, a pianist and composer for the 

 pianoforte, was born of Jewish parentage at 

 Vienna in 1806, and educated principally in Paris, 

 where his talent was early recognised. His com- 

 positions became popular over Europe, and he 

 was received with great applause on visiting Eng- 

 land in 1834, and America in 1846. In 1837 he 

 received the decoration of the Legion of Honour ; 

 and from 1842 till 1874 he was professor of Music 

 at the Conservatoire of Paris. At the same time 

 he managed a pianoforte factory, and in 1855 

 gained with his pianofortes the first prize at the 

 Paris exhibition. His compositions, more than 

 200 in number, are mostly for the piano, and are 

 characterised by melodic charm and a certain 

 originality. Died 6th January 1888. 



Herz, HENRIETTE, a lady of great beauty, high 

 intelligence, and wide culture, and a Jewess, who, 

 in the beginning of the 19th century, made her 

 home at Berlin a gathering-place for the intel- 

 lectual life of the city. Amongst those who either 

 met in her salon or were in correspondence with 

 her were the Humboldts, Fr. Schlegel, Gentz, Varn- 

 hagen von Ense, Rahel, Schleiermacher, and Borne. 

 She was born at Berlin, on 5th September 1764, 

 the daughter of a Jewish doctor of Portuguese 

 origin, Benjamin de Lemos, and was married in 

 1779 to another doctor, Markus Herz. In 1817 

 she went over to Protestantism. She died on 22d 

 October 1847. See her Life by Furst (2d ed. 1858), 

 and her correspondence with Borne (1861). 



Herzego'vina. See BOSNIA. 



Herzen, ALEXANDER, a Russian author, was 

 born at Moscow, 25th March 1812. In 1834, while 

 yet a student, he was imprisoned for his political 

 opinions. From 1842 he published much, princi- 

 pally novels and political works. In 1846 he left 

 Russia, and eventually established himself in 

 1851 in London. At this time his voice had 

 great weight in influencing public opinion in 

 Russia, chiefly by means of his paper Kolokol, 

 of which thousands of copies were smuggled into 

 Russia, in spite of the government prohibition. 

 But Herzen gradually lost his influence as he 

 became more and more a party-man, and especially 

 by his advocacy of the cause of the Poles at the 

 outbreak of their rebellion in 1863. He died at 

 Paris, 21st January 1870. Of his numerous works 

 may be mentioned the novels Who is to Blame? and 

 Dr Krupoff, and From the Other Shore, Letters 



