HKK/CM; 



HKSl'KUOIfMS 



C97 



from Italy and /'/<//., />, ,-, 1,,/nni'itt of HrrolutioH- 

 ary Ideas in Rusxin, Jlufiti.wt Property (Scrfiloiu), 

 and The Social < '<///<//// <>f linsxin. Many of 

 these appeared under the pseudonym nf Iskander. 



He also edited Mfiiioirfs </< f'/iujH-ratrin'. Ctli> run 

 (1859), mid the works of Pushkin, Lermontoll', \ - c. 

 Hi- collected \\uiks appealed in Russian in 11 vols. 



,-it Ma-el. 1ST.") ft .sry. 



, .IOHANN .IAKOII, a theologian of the 

 Kct'ormed creed, was horn at Basel, 12th Septeml>er 

 Iso."), ami, after studying at Merlin, became pro- 

 l'. .ir at Lausanne (1830), Halle (1847), and Er- 

 langcn (1N.-.4). He died 30th Septeml>er 1882. 

 Amongst hi* works are a book on the Plymouth 

 l.reilireii (Lausanne, 1845), lives of Calvin and 

 (Kcolampadius, a work on the Walderises, and a 

 rhurcli-liistnry ; but his name is best known for 

 tin- -I vat theological encyclopedia edited by him, 

 Betueneyklopddif // Protestantiscke Theologie und 

 Kin-he (22 vols. Gotha, 1854-68); new ed. by 

 II. !/..-, I'litt, ami Hauck (18 vols. 1877-88); 

 English abridged ed. by Schaff (3 vols. 1882-84). 



Hesiod* the earliest didactic poet of Greece of 

 whom \ve have any knowledge, was born in Ascra, 

 a small village at the foot of Mount Helicon. As 

 he himself informs us, in his boyhood he tended 

 flocks on the mountain. On the death of his father 

 he became engaged with his brother, Perses, in a 

 lawsuit as to the division of their patrimony. His 

 brother bribed the 'kings' or judges, and thus 

 gained unjust possession of the property, which, 

 however, he soon dissipated. But Hesiod pros- 

 pered, and when Perses in his poverty applied to 

 him for aid Hesiod gave him the good advice which 

 forms the larger part of his Works and Days. 

 According to a passage (if genuine, 646-662) in the 

 same poem, Hesiod attended the funeral games 

 of Amphidamas at Chalcis, in Euboea, and there 

 recited a hymn of his composition which gained 

 him the prize.. It was probably for some such 

 festival that he composed the Theogony. Where or 

 how Hesiod died we do not know. The only data 

 we possess for fixing the time at which Hesiod 

 lived are those contained in his works, for although 

 Herodotus makes Hesiod contemporary with 

 Homer, he can have had no sufficient evidence to 

 go upon. The poems of Hesiod show acquaintance 

 with a wider geographical horizon, especially west- 

 wards, than do those of Homer ; the language is 

 in a later stage, the digamma more frequently 

 neglected ; and, finally, in Hesiod there are unmis- 

 takable imitations of Homer. We may therefore 

 safely conclude that Hesiod was later than Homer 

 possibly belongs to the end of the 8th century B.C. 



The Works and Days is generally considered to 

 consist of two originally distinct poems, one con- 

 taining the good advice to his brother, preaching 

 up honest lauour and denouncing corrupt and un- 

 just judges ; the other, the real Works and Days, 

 containing advice as to the days lucky or unlucky, 

 proper or improper, for the farmer's work. The 

 rhcogonu teaches the origin of the universe out of 

 Chaos, the creation of earth and hell, of night and 

 day, sea and sky, sun and moon, and the history of 

 the gods. Boeotian tradition denied that the '/'//.- 

 ogony was the work of Hesiod, but Herodotus affirms 

 it (ii. 53), and the internal testimony and the 

 similarity of the language of the Theogony and the 

 Works and Days confirms Herodotus. On the other 

 hand, the Shield of Herat-lex, which has been pre- 

 served, and the Catalogue of Women and the Eoa;, 

 which have not, were not genuine. The corrosive 

 criticism which has been poured on the Homeric 

 poems has also been applied to the Hesiodic ; and 

 here too the critics are not agreed whether the 

 unity of the poems is the work of the original com- 

 poser, and has been disturbed by interpolations, or 



is the work of Rome late editor harmonising lay* 

 originally unconnected. The dialect (Old loni- in 

 which the liesiodic poems are comjMmed I HIM aim) 

 been attacked. Kick maintain* that the 7 '//<.////// 

 was composed in the Delphic dialect, the Wurl.naiul 

 Days in ancient .Kolic, and that they were nul*e- 

 quently rewritten in artificial Ionic. 



lie-Mod wrote not to please the. imagination, but 

 to improve the mind. Homer told tales, the tale of 

 Troy, of Achilles, of Odysseus, ' lien like unto the 

 truth,' a* Hesiod would nay. Hexiod'H object wan 

 to tell the truth. His poetry in not very jMwtical, 

 but it has its interest. In the first place, it is what 

 the Greeks learned by heart as children and quoted 

 as men for their moral guidance. In the next 

 place, the Works and Days gives us an invaluable 

 picture of the village-community as it existed in 

 Greece in the 8th century B.C., and of the ' kings ' 

 of Homer as they appeared to the villagers. Finally, 

 the Theogony is of the utmost importance to the 

 comparative mythologist. The first edition of 

 Hesiod appeared at Milan, 1493 ; other editions, 

 Schumann (1869), Fick (1887). See also Gruppe, 

 Die griech. Kulte u. Mythen, i. 567-612. 



Hesper'ides, the name of the sisters who, 

 assisted by the dragon Ladon, guarded the golden 

 apples which Hera had received, on her marriage 

 with Zeus, from Ga-a. Their genealogy and 

 their number are variously given by mythologists. 

 The gardens of the Hesperides were placed far in 

 the west, on the verge of the ocean, or in the land 

 of the Hyperboreans. The apples were stolen by 

 Hercules (q. v. ), but were afterwards restored by 

 Athena. See ATLANTIS. 



Hesperornis, a remarkable extinct form of 

 bird, the remains of which have been met with in 

 the American Cretaceous deposits. As descril>ed 

 by Professor Marsh, it possessed small pointed 

 reptilian teeth, which were implanted in a deep 



Restoration of Skeleton of Hetptrornit regaJit : 

 a, tooth of do. with genii of second tooth (magnified). 



continuous groove, somewhat like those of Ichthyo- 

 saurus. Its brain was small and more reptilian in 

 type than that of any adult binl as yet examined. 

 It appears to have been a large diving-bird, measur- 

 ing over 5 feet from the jM>int of the bill to the end 

 of the toes. Its wings were rudimentary, ite legs 

 powerful, and its feet M'ell adapted for rapid pro- 

 gre-Mon in water. The tail was broad, could move 

 up and down, and was probably used as a radder 

 or swimming-paddle. The long slender jaws were 

 united in front only by cartilage, as in serjienU, 

 and had on each side a joint which admitted of 



