702 



HEZEKIAH 



HIBERNATION 



Foure Prentises of London, printed in 1615, which 

 was parodied in Beaumont and Fletcher's Knight 

 of the Burning Pestle. In the two parts of The 

 Fair Maid of the West ( 1631 ), and in Fortune by 

 Land and Sea, partly written by William Rowley 

 and first printed in 1655, he gives us some spirited 

 descriptions of sea-fights. The Fayre Mayde of the 

 Exchange (1607), a sentimental comedy, has a very 

 improbable plot; The Rape of Lucreece (1608) is 

 chiefly noticeable for its songs ; Love's Maistresse 

 ( 1636 ), dealing with the story of Cupid and Psyche, 

 is fanciful and ingenious ; and there is much ten- 

 derness in A Challenge for Beautie ( 1636 ). In the 

 Four Ages The Golden Age ( 1611 ), The Silver Age 

 (1613), The Brazen Age (1613), and the two parts 

 of The Iron Age (1632) Heywood dramatised 

 classical mythology, ' from Jupiter and Saturn to 

 the utter subversion of Troy. These plays are 

 undeniably tedious, but contain some charming 

 poetry. The Late Lancashire Witches (1634), 

 written in conjunction with Richard Brome, is 

 largely of a farcical character ; and The Wise 

 Woman of Hogsdon (1638) exposes the trickeries 

 of fortune-tellers. In The Royall King and Loyall 

 Subject (1637) the doctrine of passive obedience 

 to kingly authority is carried to extreme lengths. 

 The early plays, Edward IV. (2 parts, 1600) and 

 // You know not Me You know No Bodie ; or, the 

 Troubles of Queen Elizabeth (1605-32), are of small 

 account ; nor can much be said in favour of A 

 Mayden-Head Well Lost (1634). The Captives, or 

 the Lost Recovered, an interesting play acted in 

 1624, was first published in 1885 from Egerton MS. 

 1994 (Bullen's 'Old Plays,' 1st series, vol. iv.). A 

 collection of Heywood's plays, in six volumes, was 

 issued in 1874 (London, John Pearson). In tragic 

 power he was deficient, but his gentleness and 

 sincerity endear him to students. 



Hezekiah ( Heb. Hiskiah, Yehiskiyahu, ' May 

 Jehovah strengthen him ' ), a reforming king of 

 Judah, son and successor of Ahaz, reigned from 

 728 to 697 B.C. His reign is remarkable for the 

 invasions by the Assyrians under Sargon, and again 

 under Sennacherib. When Sennacherib appeared 

 before Jerusalem 'an Angel of the Lord (ex- 

 plained variously to mean the plague, an earth- 

 quake, a sudden attack by Tirhaka, or the simoom ) 

 slew during one single night 180,000 men in the 

 Assyrian camp, and Sennacherib was obliged to 

 retreat. (See 2 Kings, xviii.-xx., and 2 Chron. 

 xxix.-xxxii. ) The events of this period as recorded 

 in Assyrian records are treated at Assyria (q.v. ). 

 After the war he collected great treasures and 

 executed many highly useful works, among which 

 the aqueducts of Jerusalem take a foremost place. 

 His was also the golden age of prophetic poetry. 

 He was succeeded by his son Manasseh. 



Hiawatha, the name by which the Iroquois 

 call a personage of miraculous birth (elsewhere 

 amongst the North American Indians known as 

 Michabou, Chiabo, &c. ) sent amongst them to clear 

 the rivers and forests, and teach the arts of peace. 

 Longfellow's poem (1842) is based on Schoolcraft's 

 version- of the tradition ('Algic Researches,' 1839; 

 republished as The Myth of Hiawatha, 1856). 



Hibbert Lectures, a foundation instituted 

 by the trustees of Robert Hibbert (1770-1849), 

 a West India merchant. For many years the 

 trustees applied the funds mainly to trie higher 

 culture of students for the Unitarian ministry, 

 but in 1878 resolved to institute Hibbert Lectures, 

 with a view to capable and really honest treat- 

 ment of unsettled problems in theology, apart from 

 the interest of any particular church or system. 

 Amongst the lecturers have been Max Miiller, 

 Page Renouf, Renan, Rhys Davids, Kuenen, Beard, 

 Reville, Pfleiderer, Rhys, Sayce, and Hatch. 



Hibernation (Lat. hibernare, 'to pass the 

 winter'), a physiological term employed to de- 

 scribe the habit which certain northern, and most 

 probably some Antarctic mammals, reptiles, fishes, 

 insects, and molluscs have of passing part of the 

 year, almost invariably the coldest winter months, 

 in a more or less continuously torpid condition, 

 from which they revive either at irregular intervals, 

 or altogether on the return of warm weather. 

 Hence the Germans express this condition by the 

 word winterschlaf ('winter sleep') in contra- 

 distinction to sommerschlaf, ' summer sleep ' or 

 aestivation, an analogous, though not identical, 

 trait of some southern animals during the summer 

 months. 



As far as mammals are concerned, the following 

 are the principal facts established : ( 1 ) All northern 

 species, even those which find food scarce during 

 winter, do not hibernate, nor do all the species of 

 the same family, order, or genus. Even both sexes 

 of the same species do not always agree in this 

 respect. The bear, the badger, the dormouse, the 

 hamster, the bat, the marmot, the zizel, and the 

 hedgehog are among the best known and most pro- 

 nounced hibernators. But while all the burrowing 

 marmots, whistlers, woodchucks, ground-hogs, &c. 

 are more or less complete hibernators, the alpine 

 marmots (Arctomys marmotta) indulge in this- 

 habit by fits and starts. The sloth bear (Melursus 

 labiatus) and other Indian Ursidse differ from the 

 other members of their family in remaining awake 

 during winter, though they are sluggish during this 

 season, moving about very little, and then only 

 occasionally when they require food ; and both the 

 black and brown bear of the Rocky Mountains 

 and the polar bear are strict hibernators only as 

 regards their females, the male being often seen 

 at large between November and May. Most of 

 the American squirrels differ from the Euro- 

 pean species in being non-hibernating. (2) The 

 same animal may vary in this respect in differ- 

 ent portions of its range. Thus, though the 

 American skunks are in the northern part of the 

 region over which they roam more or less complete 

 hibernators, they get more and more wakeful as 

 their range extends equatorially, until in the most 

 southern part of it they move about freely at all 

 seasons of the year. In like manner, the prairie 

 'dog,' or marmot (Cynomys ludovicianus], in the 

 northern plains retires to sleep during severe 

 weather, as do also the woodchucks of the same 

 region, but in open winters and on pleasant days 

 they display no such tendency ; while in the ex- 

 treme southern limits of their range they are not 

 hibernators at all. (3) They do not all retire at 

 the same time. Most of the true hibernators take 

 to their ' hibernaculum, ' or winter hole a burrow, 

 a hollow tree, a cave, the eaves of a house, or 

 similar situation in late autumn, varying the date 

 slightly according to weather. But the great bat 

 (Scotophilus noctula) is rarely seen after Septem- 

 ber, and often retires as early as the end of July, 

 when its insect food is abundant. (4) All of them 

 do not sleep the same length of time, or with the 

 same torpidity, and several indulge in hibernation 

 and waking alternately during the winter. The 

 squirrel, in Britain, lies dormant most of the cold 

 season ; but on sunshiny days it often wakes, 

 visits its hoards of food, eats freely, and then 

 retires to rest again. The hedgehog is sometimes 

 seen during the winter ; and on sunshiny days the 

 common bat often emerges from its hibernaculum, 

 and flits about even when snow is on the ground. 

 The dormouse also at intervals wakes up, eats, 

 and goes to sleep. Other animals, like the long- 

 tailed field-mouse, pass the winter in a drowsy state 

 not far removed from dormancy. There are thus all 

 gradations between continuous winter dormancy 



