HICKS 



HIEROGLYPHICS 



705 



feet It* compound leaves are often 20 inches long. 

 The nutH have a delicious flavour, and arc in con 

 siderable request. The shell i- thin hut hard, tin- 

 kernel nweet. C. tulcata, the Shell-bark Hickory 

 ot the West, IB a very similar tree, found from 

 Pennsylvania to Wisconsin. C. olivceforiiiix, a 

 western and southern species, yields the well-known 

 Pecan Nut in which the internal partitions com- 

 mon to the other hickories witlt the walnut are 

 lacking. It is a handsome tree of 60 or 70 feet 

 high in some cases reaching 90 feet. C. foment nun 

 \ it-Ms the Mocker Nut, and C. amara the Bitter 

 Nut ; while the Pig-nut Hickory, also with a 

 bitter nut, is C. porcina. 



Hicks, ELI AS, a celebrated American preacher 

 of the Society of Friends, was lorn at Hempstead, 

 Long Island, March 19, 1748. At the age of 

 twenty-seven he was already a well-known preacher, 

 and for many years he travelled through the States 

 and Canada, receiving no compensation for his 

 labours, and when not preaching labouring on his 

 own farm. He was one of the iirst in his body to 

 agitate against slavery. An able preacher, he 

 exercised great influence among his co-religionists 

 until his unitarianism, or denial of the divinity of 

 Christ and a vicarious atonement, brought him into 

 disfavour with orthodox Friends ; but he published 

 his own views with perseverance, and at the age 

 of eighty still travelled and preached. The result 

 of his labours was a schism of the society into 

 two divisions, popularly known as Orthodox and 

 Hicksite Friends (see FRIENDS). He died at 

 Jericho, Long Island, February 27, 1830. See his 

 Journal (Phfla. 1828) and Letters (1834). 



Hidalgo, a word explained as being originally 

 hijo de alao, 'son of something,' is the title of a 

 member of the lowest class of Spanish nobility. 



Hide, in old English law, denoted a certain area 

 of land, the exact quantity of which is variously 

 given as 60, 80, and 100 acres. According to R. W. 

 Eyton ( Key to Domesday, 1877 ), the Domesday hide 

 of land denoted fiscal value, not superficial quantity. 



Hides. See LEATHER. 



Hieracinm. See HAWKWEED. 



Hierapolis, two ancient cities of the Orient. 

 < 1 ) Hierapolis, or on coins Hieropolis, was a city 

 of Syria Cyrrhestica, and stood on the high-road 

 from Antioch to Mesopotamia, 14 miles W. of 

 the Euphrates. Under the Seleucid kings this 

 city was an important centre of trade, particularly 

 in cotton and silk. The great temple of Astarte 

 (locally known as Bambyke or Mambog) was 

 plundered by Crassus in 53 B.C. With the growth 

 and spread of Christianity, Hierapolis gradually 

 lost its importance. Passing into trie hands of the 

 califs, it was refortified by Haroun al-Kaschid about 

 the beginning of the 9th century. It was captured 

 by Roman ua Diogenes in 1068, and was again 

 stormed by Saladin in 1175. Its decay dates from 

 the time of the Mongol invasion. (2) Hierapolis 

 was the name given to a city of Phrygia, situated 

 between the rivers Lycus and Meander, 5 miles N. 

 of Laodicea. It was celebrated for its hot springs, 

 and for a cave, called Plutonium, whence issued 

 mephitic vapours that proved fatal to life. At 

 Hierapolis, the birthplace of Epictetus, Cybele was 

 much worshipped ; and there St Paul founded a 

 Christian church. See Harper's Magazine, Octo- 

 ber 1889. 



Hierarchy (Gr. hieros, 'sacred,' and archo, 'I 

 govern'), the name used to designate the whole 

 sacred governing and ministering body in the 

 church, distributed according to its several grada- 

 tions. See ORDERS (HOLY), BISHOP, PRIEST, 

 DEACON ; also POPE. 



Hieratic Writing* See HIEROGLYPHICS. 

 '253 



Hlero I., king of Kyracune, succeeded lib 



brother (o-lon in ITS n.r. The ino*t ini|ortant 

 event of hit* reign WON the naval victory gained by 

 hi* licet and that of the Cumani over the KtruHcans 

 in 474, which deprived the latter of their supremacy 

 in tin- Tyrrhenian Sea. Though violent and 

 rapacious, he WOH a lover of jioetry, and the patron 

 of Simonides, .Ivschs lu.s, Uacchyhde, and Pindar. 

 Hiero died at Catana in 467 .'. 



Hlero II., king of Syracuse (270-215 B.C.), 

 was the son of a noble Syracunan nani<-<l Hi<-rocle. 

 During the troubles which prevailed in Sicily after 

 the retreat of Pyrrhus (275 B.C.) Hiero greatly di . 

 tinguished himself, and was first appointed 'com 

 mander-in-chief and then elected king of the 

 Syracusans. He joined the Carthaginians in 

 besieging Messaiia, which had surrendered to the 

 Romans ; but he was beaten by Appius Claudius, 

 the Roman consul, and compelled to retuni to 

 Syracuse. In 263, however, he concluded a peace 

 with the Romans for fifteen years, during which he 

 proved so faithful to his engagements that in 248 

 peace was permanently established. In the second 

 Punic war Hiero likewise proved himself the faith- 

 ful ally of the Romans, and supported them with 

 money and troops, especially after their defeat at 

 the lake of Thrasymene. He died in 215, and was 

 succeeded by his grandson Hieronymus. .Hiero, 

 by his clemency, wisdom, and simplicity, quite 

 gained the affections of the Syracusans, ami hin 

 financial arrangements were adopted bv the 

 Romans when they subsequently conquered Syra- 

 cuse. He devoted great attention to the improve- 

 ment of agriculture, and his laws respecting the 

 tithe of corn, &c. (Leges Hieronicce) were still in 

 force in the country in Cicero's time. He was like- 

 wise a patron of the arts, particularly architecture ; 

 and Archimedes was his relative and friend. 



Hierocles, the Neoplatonist, lived at Alex- 

 andria about the middle of the 5th century, and 

 enjoyed a great reputation. He is usually reckoned 

 the author of a commentary on the golden verses 

 of Pythagoras (edited by Mullach, 1853). A 

 collection of jests (Asteia) used also erroneously 

 to be fathered on him. 



Hieroglyphics (literally 'sacred sculptures,' 

 from hieros and qlypho ), a term applied to the repre- 

 sentations of objects used to express language, 

 especially those which the ancient Egyptians, Mexi- 

 cans, and other nations employed for that purpose. 

 The term hieroglyphs would, however, be more 

 correctly applied to these figures. The number of 



those used by the ancient Egyptians was probably 

 about 1700, and by means of them they were en- 

 abled to express all their ideas with correctness, 



clearness, and facility. They consist of representa- 

 tions of figures of men and women and their limbs ; 

 quadrupeds, birds, fishes, and reptiles ; plants, trees, 

 and flowers ; celestial bodies ; mountains, islands, 

 stones, water ; towns, buildings, rooms and parts 

 of a house ; fighting implements and sceptres ; 

 articles of furniture ; musical instruments ; mathe- 

 matical figures; crowns and baskets; ships and 

 their various parts, &c. Hieroglyphics were in- 

 scribed upon granite, basalt, porphyry, and sand- 

 stone ; they were cut or painted upon wood ami 

 plaster ; and they were written upon papyri, slabs 

 of calcareous stone, and leather. A reed pen, 



^ 3 V , gash, was used for writing upon papyri 



The palette used for holding the ink was usually a 

 flat, rectangular piece of wood or ivorv measuring 

 alxmt 2A inches by 12. At one end of this two or 

 more holes were hollowed out for holding ink. The 

 colours most commonly used were black, red, and 

 green ; the first was made from vegetable, the 

 second and third from mineral substances. 



