712 



HIGHNESS 



HILARY 



The 'modern' fashion of the kilt (filibeg) is 

 found in armorial bearings of the Burnetts of Leys 

 ( 1626 ) and the Mackenzies of Coul ( 1693 ). Tartan, 

 as a distinguishing clan-mark, seems to be a 

 survival of totemism. It was so composed that 

 a man could tell to what district, as well as to 

 what clan, the wearer belonged. 



See Sketches of the Character, Manners, and Present 

 State of the Highlanders, by Major-general David Stewart. 

 For details of the costume, &c. of the Highlanders, see 

 The Scottish Gael, by James Logan ; Campbell of Islay's 

 Tales of the West Highlands ; The Highlanders of Scot- 

 land, by W. F. Skene ; History of the Highlands, High- 

 land Clans, &c., edited by J. S. Keltie ; The Black Book 

 of Taymouth ; Clan Tartans,by James Grant (1886), &c. 

 In The Records of Argyll and Waifs and Strays of Celtic 

 Tradition Lord Archibald Campbell has collected an 

 immense amount of interesting and valuable information 

 bearing upon the whole subject. 



HIGHLAND REGIMENTS. The origin of the first 

 of these regiments, the 42d, has been given under 

 the head BLACK WATCH. The valuable services 

 of this regiment encouraged the government to 

 augment the force ; and accordingly seven other 

 Highland regiments were soon raised viz. the 

 71st in 1777 ; the 72d, or Duke of Albany's Own, 

 in the same year ; the 74th in 1787 ; the 78th, or 

 Ross-shire Buffs, in 1793; the 79th, or Cameron 

 Highlanders, in 1805 ; the 92d, or Gordon High- 

 landers, in 1796 ; and the 93d, or Sutherland High- 

 landers, in 1800. In connection with the terri- 

 torial reorganisation of regiments, the old numer- 

 ical designations have been dropped, and the 

 battalions linked. Thus the new Black Watch 

 (Royal Highlanders) comprises the former 42d and 

 73d regiments; the Highland Light Infantry, 71st 

 and 74th ; the Seaforth Highlanders, 72d and 78th ; 

 the Gordon Highlanders, 75th and 92d; Princess 

 Louise's (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders), 

 91st and 93d. The Queen's Own Cameron High- 

 landers (79th) remain a single battalion regiment. 

 The uniform is the Highland dress, with feather- 

 bonnet. A large proportion of the officers are 

 Scotch ; of the men about 79 per cent, are Scotch, 

 11 English, and 10 Irish. 



Highness, a title of honour given to princes, 

 grand-dukes, and minor reigning potentates. The 

 title ' Highness ' and sometimes ' Kingly Highness ' 

 were both used in England for the sovereign until 

 the reign of Henry VIII., when they were super- 

 seded by 'Majesty.' The children of emperors 

 are usually addressed as ' Your Imperial Highness,' 

 of kings as ' Your Royal Highness, whilst members 

 of princely families have the titles of ' Serene High- 

 ness ' and ' Highness.' 



High-priest, the chief of the Jewish priest- 

 hood, the dignity being hereditary in the line of 

 Eleazar, the son of Aaron. The high-priest was 

 only allowed to marry a virgin, and one who was 

 of his own tribe. Contact with anything unclean, 

 even the dead bodies of his own parents, was 

 strictly forbidden to him. His functions consisted 

 principally in the general administration of the 

 sanctuary and of all that belonged to the sacred 

 service, He alone was allowed to enter the Holy of 

 Holies on the Day of Atonement, and to consult by 

 the Urim and Thummim (q.v.). His costume was 

 of surpassing splendour, purple-red, purple-blue, 

 scarlet, golden, and white being the predominating 

 colours of the ephod, girdle, and breastplate, which 

 he wore above robes of pure whiteness. His revenues 

 were in the main the same as those of the other 

 priests ; but, according to the Talmud, he was to 

 be richer than these in virtue of his exalted position, 

 and, if his own means were insufficient, he was to 

 be provided with means by his brethren. This 

 points, however, to post-exilic times, when the high- 

 priest had exchanged his character of primus inter 



pares for that of priestly head of the nation, thereby 

 becoming invested, in so far as the political sub- 

 jection of the Jews to a foreign power would admit 

 of it, with the prerogatives of ancient kingly 

 power. Nevertheless, in the eyes of the law, the 

 high-priest was only the equal of other Israelites. 

 It is doubtful at what time the office of Sagan, or 

 vice-high-priest, was created. See PRIEST. 



High SeRS, the open sea, including the whole 

 extent of sea so far as it is not the exclusive- 

 property of any particular country. The rule of 

 international law is that every country bordering 

 on the sea has the exclusive sovereignty over such 

 sea to the extent of three miles from its shores ; 

 but all beyond, not within three miles of some other 

 country, is open or common to all countries. The 

 part of sea within three miles' distance is generally 

 called the territorial sea of the particular country,. 

 or mare clausum. The distinction has little effect 

 on the right of navigation, but as regards fishing it 

 is otherwise. Thus, foreign fishermen have no right 

 to fish within three miles of the British coast with- 

 out a license from the crown, or unless some special 

 treaty has laid down other arrangements. See 

 FISHERIES, COOPERAGE. 



High Steward, a title given to several im- 

 portant officers. The peer appointed by the crown* 

 to preside at the trial of a peer or peeress for treason 

 or felony is called the Lord High Steward ; and 

 there is a permanent officer of the royal household 

 who bears the same designation. The universities 

 of Oxford and Cambridge have each a high steward, 

 whose duty it is to assert and protect the privileges- 

 of the university courts. 



High-treason. See TREASON. 



Highway, in Law. See ROADS. 



Highwaymen, robbers who attack passengers 

 on the public road ; those who rob on foot being 

 further distinguished as footpads. Famous English, 

 highwaymen were Claude Duval (1643-70), Swift 

 Nick Nevison (hanged at York in 1684), Dick Tur- 

 pin (1705-39) and his comrade Tom King, and 

 Jerry Abershaw (1773-95). Turpin's famous ride- 

 to York is a myth, based on a story told of Nevi- 

 son, whose fame has even gained him a place in 

 Macaulay's History of England. The best-known 

 romances of the road are W. H. Ainsworth's Hook- 

 wood and Lord Lytton's Paul Clifford. There are 

 lists of books bearing on highwaymen in Notes and 

 Queries, 5th series, vol. viii. ; and biographical 

 notices of most knights of the road ultimately came 

 to appear in the pages of the Newgate Calendar. 



High Wy combe. See WYCOMBE. 



Hilarion, founder of the monastic system in 

 Palestine, was born, according to the account of 

 Jerome ( which is adjudged by modern criticism to 

 be no longer historical), at Tabatha, about 290, 

 educated at Alexandria, and converted to the mon- 

 astic system by St Anthony. He then lived as a 

 hermit in the desert between Gaza and Egypt for 

 many years, and finally died in Cyprus in 372. His 

 memory is celebrated on 21st October. 



Hilary, ST, Bishop of Poitiers, although by no 

 means among the most voluminous of the Latin 

 Fathers, yet, from the nature of the subjects on 

 which he wrote, chiefly connected with the Arian 

 controversy, occupies an important place in the 

 patristic literature of the Western Church. He 

 was born of pagan parents at Limonum (Poitiers) 

 in the early part of the 4th century. His con- 

 version to Christianity was mainly the result of 

 his own study of the prophecies, and did not take 

 place till he was advanced in life. About the year 

 350 he was elected bishop of his native city, and 

 immediately rose to the first place in the animated 

 contest of parties in the Arian controversy. Having 



